Combustion

Combustion /kəmˈbʌs.tʃən/ or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combustion in a fire produces a flame, and the heat produced can make combustion self-sustaining. Combustion is often a complicated sequence of elementary radical reactions. Solid fuels, such as wood, first undergo endothermic pyrolysis to produce gaseous fuels whose combustion then supplies the heat required to produce more of them. Combustion is often hot enough that light in the form of either glowing or a flame is produced. A simple example can be seen in the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen into water vapor, a reaction commonly used to fuel rocket engines. This reaction releases 242 kJ/mol of heat and reduces the enthalpy accordingly (at constant temperature and pressure):

Combustion of an organic fuel in air is always exothermic because the double bond in O₂ is much weaker than other double bonds or pairs of single bonds, and therefore the formation of the stronger bonds in the combustion products CO₂ and H₂O results in the release of energy. The bond energies in the fuel play only a minor role, since they are similar to those in the combustion products; e.g., the sum of the bond energies of CH₄ is nearly the same as that of CO₂. The heat of combustion is approximately -418 kJ per mole of O₂ used up in the combustion reaction, and can be estimated from the elemental composition of the fuel.

Burning (Accept song)

"Burning" is a song by German heavy metal band Accept, from their album Breaker, released in 1981. Written and composed by Wolf Hoffmann, Peter Baltes, Jörg Fischer, Stefan Kaufmann and Udo Dirkschneider, it was also released as a single with "Down and Out" as the B-side. Two other songs on the Breaker album ("Breaker" and "Starlight") were also released as singles in 1981.

The original recording of "Burning" is notable for a fake live performance; it was recorded with crowd noise mixed in instead of being recorded at a concert. "Burning" appears on eight of Accept compilation albums: Restless The Best (1982), Best of... (1983), Midnight Highway (1983), Hungry Years (1985), The Collection (1991), Steel Glove (1995), Sharkbite – Best Of (2005) and The Accept Collection (2010).

Track listing

Personnel

References

Burning (short story)

"Burning" is a short story by Orson Scott Card. It only appears in his short story collection Capitol.

Plot summary

Captain Homer Worthing and a fleet of twenty ship all piloted by telepaths are orbiting a settled star system. They are on the run from the imperial fleet and trying to leave settled space. When they request permission to take on supplies so that that can leave, the planetary authorities refuse. By the time the imperial fleet arrives they are nearly out of fuel and unable to fight the fleet or force their way down to the planets except by destroying one of them with a fusion bomb. Captain Homer refuses to consider this but when some of the ships run out of fuel he is removed from command and a threat is made to blow up one of the planets. No one believes they will do it and the imperial fleet attacks. After a second battle with the fleet one of the captains launches bombs at the planets but they are intercepted by Captain Homer. When a final volley of missiles is fired at Captain Homer’s ship he launches fusion bombs at all three planets in anger. Captain Homer immediately regrets his decision, but his ship is destroyed by missiles just as he is about to abort the bombs. When the fleet gets back to Capitol the commanders get medals and almost a hundred thousand telepaths are murdered.

Horn (anatomy)

A horn is a pointed projection on the head of various animals consisting of a covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone. In mammals, true horns are found mainly among the ruminant artiodactyls, in the families Antilocapridae (pronghorn) and Bovidae (cattle, goats, antelope etc.).

One pair of horns is usual; however, two or more pairs occur in a few wild species and domesticated breeds of sheep. Polycerate (multi-horned) sheep breeds include the Hebridean, Icelandic, Jacob, Manx Loaghtan, and the Navajo-Churro.

Horns usually have a curved or spiral shape, often with ridges or fluting. In many species only males have horns. Horns start to grow soon after birth, and continue to grow throughout the life of the animal (except in pronghorns, which shed the outer layer annually, but retain the bony core). Partial or deformed horns in livestock are called scurs. Similar growths on other parts of the body are not usually called horns, but spurs, claws or hoofs depending on the part of the body on which they occur.

Horn, Germany

Horn is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Simmern, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Geography

Location

The municipality lies in the Hunsrück roughly 7 km eastsoutheast of Kastellaun and 6 km north of Simmern.

History

Bearing witness to early human habitation in the Horn area are Roman and Neolithic archaeological finds. There is also a mediaeval motte-and-bailey castle.

In the 12th century, Horn had its first documentary mention in connection with the noble family that bore the same name, but it seems that the actual “first mention” in 1135 is a falsified document. Nevertheless, a genuine document from 1166 has the same contents and names the same persons, thus confirming the 12th century, at least, as the earliest time when the village is known to have existed.

Together with Laubach and Bubach, Horn belonged at this time to the Imperially Immediate Estate (Reichsgut). Landholdings seem to have been held by a noble family von Horn. It could be that this family’s noble seat was at the castle, the Horner Burg. The complex’s remnants can be found west of the village. In shape it was a special form of motte-and-bailey. In 1567, Johann von Koppenstein sold Meinhard von Schöneberg the remnants.

Horn of Kankas

The Kankas noble family, otherwise known as Horn, is a noble family from Finland of medieval frälse.

Its first known member, Olof Mattsson, was documented between 1381 and 1415, having a seat in Halikko, near the present town of Salo. His seal featured the figure of a drinking horn. The family became one of the most prominent in Finland at the end of Middle Ages. In the 16th century, the use of the word signifying their horned logo became established as surname.

Its head, Sir Claes Christersson Horn (1518–66), was among the first to be created friherre (baron) in Sweden, which took place at the coronation of Eric XIV of Sweden in 1560. Friherre Claes got the title Baron of Åminne (fi. Joensuu).

Other branches

A genealogically junior branch descended from baron Claes' uncle, knight Henrik Klasson Horn (1512–95), who held his seat at Kankainen Manor in Masku which is nearer to Turku than Halikko.

Sir Henrik Horn (Marienborg) (1618–93) was created friherre of the barony of Marienborg in Livonia in 1651 by queen Christina of Sweden. His male line went extinct in 1728. He was a nephew of Gustav, Count of Björneborg (fi. Pori).