| Bombay | |
|---|---|
| File:Bombayposterfilm.jpg | |
| Directed by | Mani Ratnam |
| Produced by | S. Sriram |
| Written by | Mani Ratnam |
| Starring | Arvind Swamy Manisha Koirala Prakash Raj |
| Music by | A. R. Rahman |
| Cinematography | Rajiv Menon |
| Editing by | Suresh Urs |
| Distributed by | Aalayam Ayngaran International |
| Release date(s) | 11 March 1995 |
| Running time | 138 mins |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |
| Box office |  14 crore (US$2.79 million) [1] |
Bombay is a critically acclaimed and national award-winning 1995 Tamil film directed by Mani Ratnam, starring Arvind Swamy and Manisha Koirala, with music composed by A. R. Rahman. The film met with a strong reception upon release.
The film is centred on events, particularly during the period of December 1992 to January 1993 in India, and the controversy surrounding the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya and its subsequent demolition on December 6, 1992. Increased religious tensions in the city of Bombay (now Mumbai) led to the Bombay Riots. It is the second in Ratnam's trilogy of films that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics, including Roja and Dil Se...[2]
Eventually becoming one of the highest grossing films of the Chennai film industry, the film was well-received both critically and commercially, and it was screened at many international film festivals including the Philadelphia Film Festival in 1996 where it was an audience favourite. The film's soundtrack sold 15 million units, becoming one of the best-selling film soundtracks of all time, and earning composer A. R. Rahman his fourth consecutive Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil). However, the film caused considerable controversy upon release in India and abroad for its depiction of inter-religious relations and religious riots. The film was banned in Singapore and Malaysia upon release.
In July 2005, a book on the film by Lalitha Gopalan was published by BFI Modern Classics, looking at the film's production, the several issues it covered, and its impact upon release in India and abroad.[3][4] The film was ranked among the top 20 Indian films in the British Film Institute's rankings.[5] The film was also dubbed in Hindi and Telugu.
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Plot [link]
Shekhar (Arvind Swamy) is the son of a traditional Hindu father in a seaside village in Tamil Nadu. A journalism student studying in Bombay, Shekhar visits back home to see his family. On one of his return trips, he lays eyes on Shaila Bano (Manisha Koirala), a Muslim schoolgirl in the village. Initially shy, Shaila seeks to distance herself from Shekhar, but after frequent run-ins, and days of pursuit, Shaila begins to like Shekhar. Eventually, they both fall in love.
A marriage proposal is vehemently opposed by the lovers' fathers. Shekar's father refuses to accept Shaila as his daughter-in-law, telling Shekhar to find another partner, whilst Shaila's father announces the need for an immediate marriage between his daughter and a Muslim man. Shekhar's father says if the two ever get married, he will cease talking to his son. Shekhar reacts angrily to his father's refusal to accept Shaila, and so leaves, back to Bombay. Shaila, under increasing pressure from her father, escapes from the village and joins Shekhar. At first, Shaila is overwhelmed by the city, having relocated for the first time from rural surroundings to a city life. However, with time she adapts to her new lifestyle. The two get married. The newlyweds move into a new apartment.
A few months later, Shaila becomes pregnant and gives birth to twins, Kabir Narayan and Kamal Basheer. The twins are raised in both religions. Shekar continues to work as a journalist, whilst Shaila works at home, looking after the children. For six years, the family live in Bombay, settling in well, and begin the process of repairing relations with their respective families. The relatives visit the family in the city for the first time in over half a decade, and are overjoyed to see their two grandchildren.
Meanwhile, in India, religious extremism launches each community against the other, causing a wave of Hindu/Muslim riots that leave hundreds dead in Bombay. Targets of violence from both sides, Shaila and Shekhar worry increasingly over the safety of their children, whom they raised with both Hindu and Islamic traditions. They are constantly under threat. The growing tension threatens to bring tragedy to the family and how they cope with it form the crux of the story.
Cast [link]
- Arvind Swamy as Shekhar Narayanan Pillai
- Manisha Koirala as Shaila Bano
- Prakash Raj as Kumar
- Nassar as Narayanan Pillai
- Vasudevan as Basheer
- Sonali Bendre in an Item number
Production [link]
When film director Mani Ratnam approached cinematographer Rajiv Menon to shoot Bombay, he described it as a film about the riots and said that he (Menon) needed to "make the riots as beautiful as possible". So, Menon suggested shooting in the rains to achieve the effect. They shot the interiors of homes in Pollachi in Tamil Nadu and the exteriors were shot in Kasargod in Kerala. Several scenes of the city of Mumbai during riots were recreated with the help of photographs. Menon also explained in his interview that "The camera moves a lot-there would be long takes followed by three-four small cuts. It made lighting continuity easier for me and I was able to move fluidly." He said that Mani and him, both have a fascination for how Guru Dutt shot his song sequences. They were also inspired by Satyajit Ray's style. [6]
Release [link]
Reception [link]
Box office [link]
The film was declared a semi hit.[1]
Critical reception [link]
The film was well received among a variety of audiences, thus earning critical acclaim.
Awards [link]
The film has won the following awards since its release:
National [link]
1996 National Film Awards
- Won – Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration – Mani Ratnam
- Won – National Film Award for Best Editing – Suresh Urs
1996 Filmfare Awards
- Won – Best Film (Critics) – S. Sriram
- Won – Best Performer (Critics) – Manisha Koirala
- Won – Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film – S. Sriram
- Won – Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Director – Mani Ratnam
- Won – Filmfare Best Actress Award (Tamil) – Manisha Koirala
- Won – Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil) – A. R. Rahman
1995 Tamil Nadu State Film Awards
- Won – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director – A. R. Rahman
- Won – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist – Vairamuthu
- Won - Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback - K S Chitra
International [link]
1995 Edinburgh International Film Festival (Scotland)
- Won – Gala Award – Bombay – Mani Ratnam
2003 Jerusalem Film Festival (Israel)
- Won – Wim Van Leer In Spirit for Freedom Award – Best Feature – Bombay – Mani Ratnam
1996 Political Film Society Awards (United States)[7]
- Won – Special Award – Bombay – Mani Ratnam
Soundtrack [link]
Further reading [link]
- Gopalan, Lalitha (2005). Bombay: BFI Film Classics. London: BFI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85170-956-7.
References [link]
- ^ a b "Box Office 1995". Box Office India. https://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ==. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Pat Padua. "FROM THE HEART – The Films of Mani Ratnam". cinescene.com. https://www.cinescene.com/names/maniratnam.html. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
- ^ "BFI Books: Bombay: The film". BFI.org.uk. July 2005. https://filmstore.bfi.org.uk/acatalog/info_206.html. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
- ^ "Bombay (film): BFI Modern Classics". University of California Press. July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070107021808/https://www.ucpress.edu/books/bfi/pages/PROD0397.html. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
- ^ "Features | South Asian Cinema | A Guide to South Asian Cinema | 50 essential South Asian films | Top 10 Indian Films". BFI. 2007-07-17. https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
- ^ "Shot breakdown". Time Out Mumbai. https://www.timeoutmumbai.net/client_coverstory/client_coverstory_details.asp?code=816. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Political Film Society Awards – Previous Winners". Archived from the original on 2009-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20091028135432/https://www.geocities.com/~polfilms/previous.html.
External links [link]
- Bombay at the Internet Movie Database
- Bombay film review by James Berardinelli (1996)
- Bombay Lyrics & Notations
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Mumbai
Mumbai (/mʊmˈbaɪ/; also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, with an estimated city population of 18.4 million. Along with the neighbouring regions of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world and the seсond most populous metropolitan area in India, with a population of 20.7 million as of 2011. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, or Central Asia. Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company when in 1661 King Charles II married the Portuguese Catherine of Braganza, and as part of her dowry Charles received the ports of Tangier and seven islands of Bombay. During the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of major roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Bombay in the 19th century was characterized by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital.
Bombay State
Bombay State was a large state of India created at the Independence of India with the merger of the British territories of the Bombay Presidency with the princely states of the Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States and Deccan States political agencies.
On 1 November 1956, Bombay State was re-organized under the States Reorganisation Act, absorbing various territories including the Saurashtra and Kutch States, which ceased to exist. Bombay State was split along linguistic lines in 1960, and some princely states which had formerly belonged to this agency became part of Gujarat and others of Maharashtra.
History
During British rule, portions of the western coast of India under direct British rule were part of the Bombay Presidency. In 1937, the Bombay Presidency became a province of British India.
After India gained independence in 1947, Bombay Presidency became part of India, and Sind province became part of Pakistan. The territory retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. It included princely states such as Kolhapur in Deccan, and Baroda and the Dangs in Gujarat, which had been under the political influence of the former Bombay Presidency.
2008 Mumbai attacks
In November 2008, 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic militant organisation based in Pakistan, carried out a series of 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai. The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.
Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital, the Nariman House Jewish community centre, the Metro Cinema, and in a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College. There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle. By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. On 29 November, India's National Security Guards (NSG) conducted 'Operation Black Tornado' to flush out the remaining attackers; it resulted in the deaths of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel and ending all fighting in the attacks.
Film (Iranian magazine)
Film (Persian:فیلم) is an Iranian film review magazine published for more than 30 years. The head-editor is Massoud Mehrabi.
References
External links
Lubrication theory
In fluid dynamics, lubrication theory describes the flow of fluids (liquids or gases) in a geometry in which one dimension is significantly smaller than the others. An example is the flow above air hockey tables, where the thickness of the air layer beneath the puck is much smaller than the dimensions of the puck itself.
Internal flows are those where the fluid is fully bounded. Internal flow lubrication theory has many industrial applications because of its role in the design of fluid bearings. Here a key goal of lubrication theory is to determine the pressure distribution in the fluid volume, and hence the forces on the bearing components. The working fluid in this case is often termed a lubricant.
Free film lubrication theory is concerned with the case in which one of the surfaces containing the fluid is a free surface. In that case the position of the free surface is itself unknown, and one goal of lubrication theory is then to determine this. Surface tension may then be significant, or even dominant. Issues of wetting and dewetting then arise. For very thin films (thickness less than one micrometre), additional intermolecular forces, such as Van der Waals forces or disjoining forces, may become significant.
List of film periodicals
Film periodicals combine discussion of individual films, genres and directors with in-depth considerations of the medium and the conditions of its production and reception. Their articles contrast with film reviewing in newspapers and magazines which principally serve as a consumer guide to movies.
