 |
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2012) |
| Total population |
|---|
| Approximately 20,000 |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Middle Niger River Valley of Mali, Niger. |
| Languages |
| Religion |
| Related ethnic groups |
|
Songhai, Mandé, Moroccan, small numbers of Spanish, Irish and French[1] |
The Arma people are an ethnic group of the middle Niger River valley, descended in part from Moroccan invaders of the 16th century. The name, applied by other groups, derives from the Arabic word arrimah, « fusiliers ».
Contents |
The Songhai expedition and aftermath [link]
The 1590 expedition sent to conquer the Songhai Empire trade routes by the Moroccan Saadi Dynasty was made up of four thousand Spanish and other European converts. Converted to Islam, they were either hired as mercenaries or captured as slaves by the Moroccans. After the destruction of the Songhai in 1591, the Moroccan forces settled into Djenné, Gao, Timbuktu and the larger towns of the Niger River bend. Never able to exert control outside their large fortifications, within a decade the expedition's leaders were abandoned by Morocco. In cities like Timbuktu, the men of the 1591 expedition intermarried with the Songhai, became small scale independent rulers, and some of their descendants came to be identified as minor dynasties of their own right. By the end of the 17th century, Bambara, Tuareg, Fula, and other forces came to control empires and city-states in the region, leaving the Arma as a mere ethnicity.
Today [link]
As of 1986, there were some 20,000 self-identified Arma in Mali, mostly around Timbuktu, the middle Niger bend, and the Inner Niger Delta.
The Arma ethnicity is distinct from (but sometimes confused with) the 20 million Djerma (or Zarma, Zerma) peoples of Western Niger, who predate the Moroccan invasion, and speak the Zarma language, also a sub category of Songhai.
See also [link]
- Judar Pasha: Moroccan Muslim commander of the Moroccan military Expedition of the 1590s.
- Battle of Tondibi: Culmination of the Moroccan Expedition, destroying the Songhai Empire in 1591.
Notes [link]
- ^ Olsen, 1996: "Arma", p.37.
References [link]
- Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0-8108-1229-0
- James Stuart Olson. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. "Arma", p.37. Greenwood Press (1996) ISBN 0-313-27918-7
- Michel Aitbol. Tombouctou et les Arma de la conquête marocaine du Soudan nigérien en 1591 à l'hégémonie de l'empire peul du Macina en 1833. Paris, (1979).
- Albrecht Hofheinz. Goths in the Lands of the Blacks. New Arabic manuscript finds from Timbuktu and their significance for the historiography of the Niger Bend . (2001)
- Hunwick, John O. (1999), Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
External links [link]
- I Congreso Internacional sobre los Arma. Al-Andalus, Andalucía y España en Tombuctú y la frontera subsahariana (s. XVI-XXI). Universidad de Jaén (Spain), 19-20 February 2004.
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Naviera Armas
Naviera Armas Ferries is a company in Spain, founded in the 1940s, which operates at least 10 ferries. The company operates mainly in the Canaries, although from 2008 services were available to the island of Madeira and Portugal, further north. However at the end of January 2012 the service to Madeira was abruptly withdrawn, the reason for this together with the future of the route being unclear.
Fleet
Naviera Armas operate a fleet of eleven vessels.
Photo gallery
Ferry leaving Los Cristianos
Ferry leaving Los Cristianos
Ferry at Playa Blanca
Ferry at Playa Blanca
Ferry in Los Cristianos
Ferry in Los Cristianos
Volcan de Tijarafe leaving Funchal
Volcan de Tijarafe leaving Funchal
Volcan de Timanfaya near Tenerife
Volcan de Timanfaya near Tenerife
External Links & Sources
These are the sources listed for the above information.
References
Armas (disambiguation)
The Arma people are an ethnic group of the Niger River valley.
Armas may also refer to:
People
Other uses
Jeffree Star
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Early life
Jeffree Star was born in Los Angeles County, California. His father died when Star was 6 years old; subsequently he was raised solely by his mother, a model who frequently went on assignments. As a child, Star regularly began experimenting with his mother's makeup and convinced her to let him wear it to school when he was in junior high. He moved to Los Angeles following his graduation from high school, supporting himself with various makeup, modeling, and music jobs. He later recalled spending his time on weekends "using a fake ID to attend Hollywood clubs dressed in mini dresses and nine inch high heels where celebrities would contract [Star] for makeup work at their homes", or "hiring [Star] as a model." Star reports that his weekend socializing at clubs and the makeup advice he offered eventually led to his modeling career.
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Track listing
Singles
References
[Eowyn is] more successful than Fireflight at capturing the gothic pop-metal of Evanescence and Plumb.
But the dominant sound on Chaotic Resolve is the modern pop-metal popularized by Evanescence in 2003.
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History
Formation
Blush was formed by FarWest Entertainment in 2010 with the intent of popularizing an Asian vocal act in both the United States and Asia as well as the rest of the world. They were formed through a selection process called the Project Lotus whom were tasked with finding 'Asia's Spice Girls'. Five representatives from South Korea were selected to be judges and trainees who traveled to different parts of Asia including China, Japan and India. One of the judges was rock singer Yoon Do-hyun of South Korean rock band YB.
