Neuron

A neuron (/ˈnjʊərɒn/ NYEWR-on or /ˈnʊərɒn/ NEWR-on; also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. These signals between neurons occur via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons can connect to each other to form neural networks. Neurons are the core components of the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and of the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Specialized types of neurons include: sensory neurons which respond to touch, sound, light and all other stimuli affecting the cells of the sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain, motor neurons that receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to cause muscle contractions and affect glandular outputs, and interneurons which connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain, or spinal cord in neural networks.

Hartmann Neuron

The Hartmann Neuron was an electronic musical instrument designed and built by industry designer Axel Hartmann of the German company Hartmann Music in the years 2001–2005. The Neuron synthesizer used an Artificial Neural Network to create a digital computer model from sampled sounds, implementing a new synthesis technology which was developed by Stephan Bernsee at Prosoniq. This computer model could then be used to resynthesize a new sound, giving the player control over "musical" aspects such as instrument body size, material and other acoustic properties. This parametric approach is very different from the more mathematical approaches of other synthesizers.

Critique

Even though the instrument was awarded numerous prizes for innovation it was difficult to operate due to its limited display capabilities, which made adjusting the tonal qualities of a sound a tedious trial and error process. Given the very high price of the instrument (around 5000 USD) many people felt that manipulating a wireframe model of a sound only by ear did not allow for the amount of control necessary for such a complex operation. However, combined with a sample editor, the included Modelmaker software & MIDI control via sequencing, this difficulty can be somewhat rectified, albeit without the aid of the 3D image of the model.

Neuron (software)

Neuron is a simulation environment for modeling individual neurons and networks of neurons. As of version 7.3, Neuron is capable of handling diffusion-reaction models, and integrating diffusion functions into models of synapses and cellular networks. It was primarily developed by Michael Hines, John W. Moore, and Ted Carnevale at Yale and Duke.

NEURON models individual neurons via the use of sections which are subdivided into individual compartments by the program, instead of requiring the user to manually create the compartments. The primary scripting language that is used to interact with it is hoc but a Python interface is also available. The programs for it can be written interactively in a shell, or loaded from a file. NEURON supports parallelization via the MPI protocol. Also, starting with NEURON 7.0 parallelization is possible via internal multithreaded routines, for use on computers with multiple cores. The properties of the membrane channels of the neuron are simulated using compiled mechanisms written using the NMODL language or by compiled routines operating on internal data structures that are set up with a GUI tool (Channel Builder).

Bio

Bio may refer to:

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Bioč

Bioč is a mountain within the Sutjeska National Park, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has an altitude of 2,388 metres (7,835 ft), and lies on the border with Montenegro. The Piva runs nearby.

References

Coordinates: 43°13′32″N 18°45′25″E / 43.2255°N 18.7570°E / 43.2255; 18.7570

Bio (Australian TV channel)

Bio (stylised as bio., formerly The Biography Channel) was an Australian general entertainment channel available on Australia's Foxtel, Austar and Optus Television pay television services.

In 2014, the channel rebranded with a new on-air look, logo and programming. In addition, the channel moved from channel 117 to channel 133.

On 1 November 2015, the channel closed, ceasing transmission at 4am, with selected titles moved to other Foxtel-owned channels.

Series Programming

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