Bile acid

Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Different molecular forms of bile acids can be synthesized in the liver by different species. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver, forming bile salts.

Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid) are the major bile salts in bile and are roughly equal in concentration. The conjugated salts of their 7-alpha-dehydroxylated derivatives, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, are also found, with derivatives of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids accounting for over 90% of human biliary bile acids.

Bile acids comprise about 80% of the organic compounds in bile (others are phospholipids and cholesterol). An increased secretion of bile acids produces an increase in bile flow. The main function of bile acids is to allow digestion of dietary fats and oils by acting as a surfactant that emulsifies them into micelles, allowing them to be colloidally suspended in the chyme before further processing. They also have hormonal actions throughout the body, particularly through the farnesoid X receptor and GPBAR1 (also known as TGR5).

Bile

Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (gallbladder bile). After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7%bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin), and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.

Bile was the yellow bile in the four humor system of medicine, the standard of medical practice in Europe from 500 B.C. to the early nineteenth century.

Function

Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side; consequently, they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles. Ordinarily, the micelles in the duodenum have a diameter around 14–33 μm.

Bile (band)

Bile is an industrial metal project based in the New York City, USA area. Although there has been so many different members throughout the bands career, Krztoff is the songwriting, recording and conceptual leader. But the team of Krztoff and R.H.Bear are the ones driving the tank. The group has performed with as many as 11 and as small as 2 people on-stage. The early shows in 1993-1995 NY included a dominatrix and fire-breather. In 2013 they added Brendin Ross to the lineup as a keyboard player. In 2014 they introduced former Agnostic Front drummer Steve Gallo and Sagan Amery (Kaveat) on guitar.

History

Beginning in December 1992 Bile began as an art project to become the anti-band. Bored by being in simple jeans and t-shirt rock/metal bands and led by vocalist Krztoff, the band became the top drawing NYC live spectacle, which led to them signing with a NY based indie record label and released three albums on Energy Records, including their debut, Suckpump, Teknowhore and Biledegradable. Following tours with Gwar, 16 Volt, Evil Mothers and many many lineup changes, Krztoff became unsatisfied with Energy Records and negotiated his way off the label, inciting Krztoff and R.H. Bear (Krztoff's longtime friend and bandmate) to regroup and record for their own label, Bile Style Records. Krztoff recorded Sex Reflex. The album features their most popular song to date, "In League". Their song, "I Reject" appeared on the 1995 Mortal Kombat soundtrack. Their song "In League" appeared on the soundtrack to the 1998 Dee Snyder film Strangeland. Krztoff went on to join Pigface as guitarist in 2001. With help from Martin Atkins' distribution conduit, Bile Style Records then released Nightmare Before Krztoff Black From The Dead, Demonic Electronic, The Copy Machine, Frankenhole and Regurge" The Best o' Bile. Selling thousands of records with virtually no promotion except their reputation and years of touring.

Bile (Irish legend)

Bile is a character in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, a medieval Christian pseudo-history of Ireland and the Irish (or Gaels), and in the genealogies of John O'Hart based on this tradition. He is described as a king of Galicia, an ancestor of the Gaels, the son of Breogan, and the father of Milesius. The Lebor Gabála purports to be an account of how the Gaels descend from Adam through the sons of Noah and how they came to Ireland. It tells us that they spent 440 years wandering the Earth and underwent a series of trials and tribulations, which is based on the tale of the Israelites in the Old Testament. Eventually, they sail to Iberia and conquer it. There, one of their leaders, Breogán, founds a city called Brigantia and builds a great tower. From the top of the tower, his son Íth glimpses Ireland. The Gaels—including some of Breogán's sons—sail to Ireland from Brigantia and take it from the Tuatha Dé Danann, the Irish pagan gods. Brigantia likely refers to A Coruña in Galicia (which was then known as Brigantium) and Breogán's tower is likely based on the Tower of Hercules (which was built at A Coruña by the Romans). The idea that the Irish Gaels came from Iberia may be based on the similarity of the names Iberia and Hibernia and the names Galicia and Gael.

Acids in wine

The acids in wine are an important component in both winemaking and the finished product of wine. They are present in both grapes and wine, having direct influences on the color, balance and taste of the wine as well as the growth and vitality of yeast during fermentation and protecting the wine from bacteria. The measure of the amount of acidity in wine is known as the “titratable acidity” or “total acidity”, which refers to the test that yields the total of all acids present, while strength of acidity is measured according to pH, with most wines having a pH between 2.9 and 3.9. Generally, the lower the pH, the higher the acidity in the wine. However, there is no direct connection between total acidity and pH (it is possible to find wines with a high pH for wine and high acidity). In wine tasting, the term “acidity” refers to the fresh, tart and sour attributes of the wine which are evaluated in relation to how well the acidity balances out the sweetness and bitter components of the wine such as tannins. Three primary acids are found in wine grapes: tartaric, malic and citric acids. During the course of winemaking and in the finished wines, acetic, butyric, lactic and succinic acids can play significant roles. Most of the acids involved with wine are fixed acids with the notable exception of acetic acid, mostly found in vinegar, which is volatile and can contribute to the wine fault known as volatile acidity. Sometimes, additional acids, such as ascorbic, sorbic and sulfurous acids, are used in winemaking.

Acid (disambiguation)

An acid is any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH less than 7.0.

Acid or ACID may also refer to:

Science

Computing

Music

Genres

Bands

Acid (band)

Acid was a Japanese rock band originally created by Hideki after Siam Shade disbanded.

Musical styles

In the beginning, Hideki had a huge influence on Acid and they played a mix of alternative metal and emo with emphasis placed on his and Junpei's twin vocals. After he left the band in 2005, their songs became less focused on vocals and turned a bit more pop-ish, but still kept their "heavy" sound due to having three guitarists.

History

Acid formed in August 2003 through auditions held by Hideki. Their live setlist was made up of both of Hideki's solo albums at the beginning and, after one year of excessive touring through Japan, the group went into the studio at the end of 2004 to record their first album. Acid 1.5: Punk Drunker was released in March 2005.

With the end of Siam Shade, Hideki didn't want people to always compare his new band with the old one when he was singing. That's why he drew back to the position behind the keyboard at first and later on left Acid completely in June 2005 so that the band were able to go their own way. Furthermore, he says that this group is his pride and that he'd like to see them in Tokyo Dome one day.