State reform in Belgium
The term State reform in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia. In general, Belgium evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas.
Short overview:
First state reform (1970) – Cultural communities established (Flemish demand). Constitutional foundations for territorial regions (Walloon demand).
Second state reform (1980) – Cultural communities become communities, with more competences related to personal matters. Territorial Flemish and Walloon regions established (Brussels Region later). Communities and Regions get their own Parliaments and Governments.
Third state reform (1988–1989) – Education transferred to communities. Brussels Region established.
Fourth state reform (1993) – Belgium becomes a fully-fledged federal state. Communities and Regions get more freedom and their Parliaments are now directly elected.