Outbreak is a term used in epidemiology to describe an occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected at a particular time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent. Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease may be sufficient to constitute an outbreak. Outbreaks may also refer to epidemics, which affect a region in a country or a group of countries, or pandemics, which describe global disease outbreaks.
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Outbreak investigation [link]
When investigating disease outbreaks, the epidemiology profession has developed a number of widely accepted steps. As described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, these include the following:[1]
- Verify the diagnosis related to the outbreak
- Identify the existence of the outbreak (Is the group of ill persons normal for the time of year, geographic area, etc.?)
- Create a case definition to define who/what is included as a case
- Map the spread of the outbreak using Information technology as diagnosis is reported to insurance
- Develop a hypothesis (What appears to be causing the outbreak?)
- Study hypothesis (collect data and perform analysis)
- Refine hypothesis and carry out further study
- Develop and implement control and prevention systems
- Release findings to greater communities
Types [link]
There are several outbreak patterns, which can be useful in identifying the transmission method or source, and predicting the future rate of infection. Each has a distinctive epidemic curve, or histogram of case infections and deaths.[2]
- Common source – All victims acquire the infection from the same source (e.g. a contaminated water supply).[3]
- Continuous source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs over multiple incubation periods
- Point source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs in less than one incubation period[4]
- Propagated – Transmission occurs from person to person.[5]
Outbreaks can also be:
- Behavioral risk related (e.g., sexually transmitted diseases, increased risk due to malnutrition)[6]
- Zoonotic – The infectious agent is endemic to an animal population.
Patterns of occurrence are:
- Endemic – a communicable disease, such as influenza, measles, mumps, pneumonia, colds, small pox, which is characteristic of a particular place, or among a particular group, or area of interest or activity
- Epidemic – when this disease is found to infect a significantly larger number of people at the same time than is common at that time, and among that population, and may spread through one or several communities.
- Pandemic – occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide.
Outbreak legislation [link]
Outbreak legislation is still in its infancy and not many countries have had a direct and complete set of the provisions.[7][8] However, some countries do manage the outbreaks using relevant acts, such as public health law.[9]
References [link]
- ^ Steps of an Outbreak Investigation, EXCITE | Epidemiology in the Classroom | Outbreak Steps
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms, Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
- ^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
- ^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development Program". https://library.scahec.net/view/product/32. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
- ^ Star Publications. "‘Outbreak actions protected by law’". https://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/16/courts/21834412&sec=courts. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
- ^ The State of Queensland Government. "Legislation and Powers of Entry". https://www.health.qld.gov.au/dengue/managing_outbreaks/legislation.asp. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
External links [link]
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Outbreak (film)
Outbreak is a 1995 American medical disaster film directed by Wolfgang Petersen and very loosely based on Richard Preston's non-fiction book The Hot Zone. The film stars Dustin Hoffman, Rene Russo and Morgan Freeman, and co-stars Cuba Gooding, Jr., Kevin Spacey, Donald Sutherland and Patrick Dempsey.
The film focuses on an outbreak of a fictional Ebola-like virus called Motaba in Zaire and later in a small town in the United States. Its primary settings are government disease control centers USAMRIID and the CDC, and the fictional town of Cedar Creek, California. Outbreak's plot speculates how far military and civilian agencies might go to contain the spread of a deadly contagion.
The film was released on March 10, 1995 and proved a box office success. It was nominated for various awards but failed to garner any major award nominations. It also raised various "what-if" scenarios: media outlets began to question what the government would really do in a similar situation and if the CDC has plans in case an outbreak ever does occur. A real-life outbreak of the Ebola virus was occurring in Zaire during the time of the film's release.
Outbreak (DJ)
Biography
John-Paul (JP) Pirrello was born on 27th of December, 1984 in Sydney Australia. Known on stage as Hardstyle DJ and music producer Outbreak, he has been active in producing and performing Hard Dance Music, specifically Hardstyle since 2002. In his initial years, JP performed under the name NitrouZ and released tracks "City Bitch," "Crazy Music" with DJ Duro and "Lonely Dark" with Zany, which were picked up among many fans worldwide. During these years, he released his music on a number of labels including Dutch Master Works and Fusion Records. As NitrouZ, JP performed at many parties in Australia and The Netherlands such as Defqon.1 Festival, Dance Valley, Q-Dance: The Next Level, X-Qlusive Showtek, Q-BASE, Euphoria and many more.
In 2013, the alias NitrouZ was discontinued and JP re-launched himself as Outbreak, signing to Brennan Heart's record label, WE R Music and representing its sub-label WE R Raw. Outbreak quickly established himself in the Hardstyle scene by re leasing populartracks "A New Today," "Get The Mean" with DV8 Rocks!, his official remix of Adaro's "Hit You With That Bang Shit" and "#Bassface," which gained over 500,000 plays on YouTube.
Badass (bridges)
Badass is a trade name of Leo Quan, a manufacturer of bridges for guitars and basses. Badass bridges (used on the Martin EB18 electric bass and a replacement bridge on the Fender Precision Bass) feature individually adjustable saddles, which allows for "extremely accurate intonation adjustments." The Badass came on the market in the 1970s, and was made by entrepreneur and guitar repairman Glen Quan. The first Badass bridges were built from diecast zinc and were considered somewhat rough; later models were made from a high-density zinc alloy and more finely milled.
Notable users and models
Community Service II
Community Service II is the second collaboration album from The Crystal Method, and features remixes from The Crystal Method and other Nu skool breaks artists.
Track listing
Personnel
Badass (book)
Badass: A Relentless Onslaught of the Toughest Warlords, Vikings, Samurai, Pirates, Gunfighters, and Military Commanders to Ever Live, also known as Badass: The Book, is a history and biography book. It is the debut book of Ben Thompson, owner of the website Badass of The Week.
The book focuses on historical figures considered to be badass: having exceptional toughness, aggressiveness, battle skills and/or resilience, and have a significant achievement or impact on history. It is written in a lighthearted, bombastic, and often politically incorrect style, not unlike fratire books such as The Alphabet of Manliness (which, incidentally, also started out as a website), but in contrast to that genre's borderline misogynistic content, this book also includes a number of female figures deemed worthy of the "badass" title. Thompson has stated in an interview that he intended to convey history in the language of youth, so that they feel like "reading something [they're] not supposed to, but ... actually learning something."
