Auer rod

Auer rods are clumps of azurophilic granular material that form elongated needles seen in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts. They can be seen in the leukemic blasts of acute myeloid leukemia with maturation and acute promyelocytic leukemia (known as acute myeloid leukemia M2 and M3, in the FAB classification, respectively) and in high grade myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative syndromes. They are composed of fused lysosomes/primary neutrophilic granules and contain peroxidase, lysosomal enzymes, and large crystalline inclusions. Morphologically, the Auer "rods" come in all sizes and shapes. They have been described as needle-shapes with pointed ends (most common), comma-shapes, and diamond-shapes; others were long and rectangular. Occasional corkscrew forms and rare granular Auer bodies were also noted. More appropriately, they can be referred to as Auer bodies.

They are also used to distinguish the pre-leukemia myelodysplastic syndromes: refractory anemia with excess blasts 2 (which has Auer rods) from RAEB 1 (which does not). However, rare cases of RAEB1 show rare auer rods, and when they do, they have a worse prognosis.

Rod

Rod, Ród, Rőd, Rød, Röd, ROD, or R.O.D. may refer to:

Devices

Media

Rod (optics)

"Rods" (sometimes known as "skyfish", "air rods", or "solar entities") is a term used in cryptozoology, ufology, and outdoor photography to refer to elongated artifacts in the form of light-rods produced by cameras. Videos of rod-shaped objects moving quickly through the air were claimed by some ufologists and cryptozoologists to be alien life forms, "extradimensional" creatures, or very small UFOs. Subsequent experiments showed that these rods appear in film because of an optical illusion/collusion (especially in interlaced video recording), and are typically traces of a flying insect's wingbeats.

Optical analysis

Various paranormal interpretations appeared in the popular culture, and one of the more outspoken proponents of rods as alien life forms is Jose Escamilla, who claims to have been the first to film them on March 19, 1994 at Roswell, New Mexico, while attempting to film a UFO. Since then, Escamilla has made additional videos and embarked on lecture tours to promote his claims.

Rod cell

Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On average, there are approximately 90 million rod cells in the human retina. More sensitive than cone cells, rod cells are almost entirely responsible for night vision. However, because they have only one type of light-sensitive pigment, rather than the three types that human cone cells have, rods have little, if any, role in color vision (which is why colors are much less apparent in darkness).

Structure

Rods are a little longer and leaner than cones but have the same structural basis. The opsin or pigment is on the outer side, lying on the Retinal pigment epithelium, completing the cell's homeostasis. This epithelium end contains many stacked disks. Rods have a high area for visual pigment and thus substantial efficiency of light absorption.

Auer

Auer may refer to:

People

Places

Other uses

Auer, South Tyrol

Auer (Italian: Ora) is a Gemeinde (municipality) in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of the city of Bolzano.

Geography

As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 3,539 and an area of 11.8 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi).

Auer borders the following municipalities: Aldein, Bronzolo, Montan and Vadena.

History

Coat-of-arms

The shield is party per fess of argent and gules with an azure chief with a rampant lion. It is the emblem of the family Khuen who took possession of the site, from 1397 until 1690, when they were then elevated to the Imperial Counts. On the azure chief two crossed or keys are represented as a remembrance of the insignia of St. Peter, to whom the parish church is dedicated. The emblem was adopted in 1969.

Society

Linguistic distribution

According to the 2011 census, 69.74% of the population speak German, 29.59% Italian and 0.67% Ladin as first language.

Demographic evolution

References

External links

Media related to Auer, South Tyrol at Wikimedia Commons

Auer (Odenwald)

Auer is a river in Hesse, Germany. It measures 6.7 kilometers in length and is part of the Rhine river system.

See also

Coordinates: 49°42′08″N 8°36′06″E / 49.70222°N 8.60167°E / 49.70222; 8.60167