Dental attrition is a type of tooth wear caused by tooth-to-tooth contact, resulting in loss of tooth tissue, usually starting at the incisal or occlusal surfaces. Tooth wear is a physiological process and is commonly seen as a normal part of aging. Advanced and excessive wear and tooth surface loss can be defined as pathological in nature, requiring intervention by a dental practitioner. The pathological wear of the tooth surface can be caused by bruxism, which is clenching and grinding of the teeth. If the attrition is severe, the enamel can be completely worn away leaving underlying dentin exposed, resulting in an increased risk of dental caries and dentin hypersensitivity. It is best to identify pathological attrition at an early stage to prevent unnecessary loss of tooth structure as enamel does not regenerate.
Attrition occurs as a result of opposing tooth surfaces contacting. The contact can affect cuspal, incisal and proximal surface areas.
Indications of attrition can include:
Churn rate (sometimes called attrition rate), in its broadest sense, is a measure of the number of individuals or items moving out of a collective group over a specific period of time. It is one of two primary factors that determine the steady-state level of customers a business will support. The term is used in many contexts, but is most widely applied in business with respect to a contractual customer base. For instance, it is an important factor for any business with a subscriber-based service model, including mobile telephone networks and pay TV operators. The term is also used to refer to participant turnover in peer-to-peer networks. Churn rate is an important input into customer lifetime value modeling, and can be part of a simulator used to measure Return on Marketing Investment using Marketing Mix Modeling.
The phrase is based on the English verb churn, meaning "to agitate or produce violent motion".
Churn rate, when applied to a customer base, refers to the proportion of contractual customers or subscribers who leave a supplier during a given time period. It is a possible indicator of customer dissatisfaction, cheaper and/or better offers from the competition, more successful sales and/or marketing by the competition, or reasons having to do with the customer life cycle.
Attrition are an electronic music band, formed in Coventry, England in 1980 by Martin Bowes and Julia Niblock. The band emerged from the experimental post-punk scene of the early 1980s and, along with other groups such as Throbbing Gristle, Coil, Einstürzende Neubauten, and In the Nursery, greatly contributed to the development of industrial music in the UK. Still active 30 years later, Attrition have been a stanchion of darkwave and industrial music, influencing many younger bands in the genres while continuously fine tuning their own distinctive sound.
In 1979, Martin started a xeroxed fanzine called Alternative Sounds to document the Coventry music scene (including such notables as The Specials and Furious Apples). The fanzine ran for 18 issues until 1981, and culminated in a vinyl compilation, "Sent from Coventry" (on Cherry Red) and a brief appearance on the BBC's Something Else programme. During this time, Martin met Julia at a local gig and, with the addition of Martin's brother Chris on guitar, Attrition was formed. In 1980 Chris was replaced by Julia's brother Ashley Niblock on synthesizer, and a short time later they replaced their live drummer with a drum machine; these changes facilitated Attrition's development beyond the post-punk of the early 80s into more experimental veins of sound.
In 2003, Arkansas State University decided to make a new mascot, named Red, created by ASU’s director of athletic marketing, Andrea Scott.
“The spirit character began as a project to design a character that looks friendly, is unique, and is not an animal,” Andrea said. “I was looking for something out of the ordinary that’s presence could elevate spirit at ball games.”
“Red absolutely will not replace Arkansas State’s official mascot, the Indian Family,” said Dr. Dean Lee, ASU director of athletics.
“Red was named because that was how he was perceived by the marketing analysis and research groups, which were children and youth,” said Dr. Dean Lee, ASU’s athletic director.
He has won many awards, such as: 2004 – Universal Cheerleader Association – won 3rd place as “best mascot”
2005 – Universal Cheerleader Association – won “best mascot”
2005 – University Cheerleading and Dance Team National Championship – won 6th place
2006 – Universal Cheerleader Association – won “best mascot”
Howl is a rock band from Oslo, Norway. The band's name is taken from the Allen Ginsberg poem with the same name.
The band was formed in 2002 when childhood friends Lars Bendixby, Espen Blystad, Alex Engebretsen and Simen Lund started to play together while attending to the same school outside of Oslo. Through friends and acquaintances, the band came in touch with Knut Frøysnes and Kristian Syvertsen in 2004, and the band's original (and current) line-up was completed. Later the same year, the band debuted as a live act on the well known music scene Mono in Oslo. The band spent the next two years on the road, establishing a reputation as a solid live act and refining their musical expression.
In 2007, Howl released their debut album Higher Class of Lush on their own label. The album was self-produced in collaboration with Frode Jacobsen from the Norwegian rock band Madrugada. The album got attention from EMI, who re-released the album in 2008. The band was one of the finalists in Årets Urørt in 2008, which is a Norwegian contest for new and upcoming bands. The singles Repeater, Nineteenseventyfive og Silver Equals Gold ended up in high rotation on several Norwegian radio stations, and was one of the most played bands on the Norwegian youth radio station NRK P3 in 2008.
Howl is the debut EP by American alt-rock band Beware of Darkness, released April 17, 2012 under exclusive license to Bright Antenna Records. The album was made available as a Digital Download, and CD available only at shows.
SPIN Magazine declared the lead single, "Howl", "[a] Zeppelin-riffing, bluesy face-stomper."