Atlas

An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a map of Earth or a region of Earth, but there are atlases of the other planets (and their satellites) in the Solar System. Furthermore, atlases of anatomy exist, mapping out the human body or other organisms. Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographic features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic statistics. They also have information about the map and places in it.

Etymology

The word atlas dates from 1636, first in reference to the English translation of Atlas, sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi (1585) by Flemish geographer Gerhardus Mercator, who might have been the first to use this word in this way. A picture of the Titan Atlas holding up the world appeared on the frontispiece of this and other early map collections.

History

The first work that contained systematically arranged woodcut maps of uniform size, intended to be published in a book, thus representing the first modern atlas, was De Summa totius Orbis (1524–26) by the 16th-century Italian cartographer Pietro Coppo. Nonetheless, this distinction is conventionally awarded to the Flemish cartographer Abraham Ortelius who in 1570 published the collection of maps Theatrum Orbis Terrarum.

Atlas (topology)

In mathematics, particularly topology, one describes a manifold using an atlas. An atlas consists of individual charts that, roughly speaking, describe individual regions of the manifold. If the manifold is the surface of the Earth, then an atlas has its more common meaning. In general, the notion of atlas underlies the formal definition of a manifold and related structures such as vector bundles and other fibre bundles.

Charts

The definition of an atlas depends on the notion of a chart. A chart for a topological space M (also called a coordinate chart, coordinate patch, coordinate map, or local frame) is a homeomorphism from an open subset U of M to an open subset of Euclidean space. The chart is traditionally recorded as the ordered pair .

Formal definition of atlas

An atlas for a topological space M is a collection of charts on M such that . If the codomain of each chart is the n-dimensional Euclidean space and the atlas is connected, then M is said to be an n-dimensional manifold.

SM-65 Atlas

The SM-65 Atlas was the first operational intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed by the United States, and the first member of the Atlas rocket family. It was built for the U.S. Air Force by Convair Division of General Dynamics at the Kearny Mesa assembly plant north of San Diego, California. Atlas became operational as an ICBM in October 1959 and was used as a first stage for satellite launch vehicles for half a century. The Atlas missile's warhead was over 100 times more powerful than the bomb dropped over Nagasaki in 1945.

An initial development contract was given to Consolidated Vultee Aircraft (Convair) on 16 January 1951 for what was then called MX-1593, but at a relatively low priority. The 1953 testing of the first dry fuel H-bomb in the Soviet Union led to the project being dramatically accelerated. The initial design completed by Convair in 1953 was larger than the missile that eventually entered service. Estimated warhead weight was lowered from 8,000 lb (3,630 kg) to 3,000 lb (1,360 kg) based on highly favorable U.S. nuclear warhead tests in early 1954, and on 14 May 1954 the Atlas program was formally given the highest national priority. A major development and test contract was awarded to Convair on 14 January 1955 for a 10-foot (3 m) diameter missile to weigh about 250,000 lb (113,400 kg). Atlas development was tightly controlled by the Air Force's Western Development Division, WDD, later part of the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division. Contracts for warhead, guidance and propulsion were handled separately by WDD. The first successful flight of a highly instrumented Atlas missile to full range occurred 28 November 1958. Atlas ICBMs were deployed operationally from 31 October 1959 to 12 April 1965.

Plus (band)

Plus (stylised as +Plus) is a Japanese pop boy band formed in December 2009 that has been signed to the label, Pony Canyon. The group combines in its pop tunes elements of genres such as hip hop, reggae, and R&B.

They released their debut album Canvas in 2010. They are well known for singing the opening and ending themes for popular anime such as Fairy Tail and Reborn! (aka Hitman Reborn) .

Current members

Former members

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links

Plus (telecommunications Poland)

Plus (formerly Plus GSM) is the brand name of Poland's mobile phone network operator, Polkomtel. The company is entirely owned by Spartan Capital Holdings sp. z o.o. It operates GSM (900/1800 MHz), UMTS and WLAN networks in Poland. It was founded 1995.

At the end of 2011, Plus had 13,698 million customers, including 6,576 million (47%) in prepaid system.

In July 2011, Zygmunt Solorz-Żak agreed to buy Polkomtel SA for 15.1 billion zlotys ($5.5 billion).

External links

References

Plus Communication

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Plus Communication SH.A. (Albanian: PLUS) is a telecommunication company headquartered in Tirana, Albania. It is the first Albanian mobile telecommunication company and 4th mobile operator in Albania. It is also the sponsor of the Albanian football team.

Opening

The company's technological center was opened on 28 November 2010, a day that represents the Albanian Independence Day and it was inaugurated by Prime Minister Sali Berisha.

International relations

PLUS has formed partnerships with Nokia Siemens, NEC, and Comverse for provision of some of its equipment and services.

Services

Currently, PLUS has more than 97.9% coverage of the population and continues to expand. Zona PLUS shops and points of sale are present throughout Albania.

PLUS products and services are such as “Choose your number”, presented since the first day of PLUS launching in the market, “PLUS Special” etc. Products for prepaid customers include “PLUS Unik” & “PLUS Student” tariff plans. Postpaid customers, individuals or businesses may choose “PLUS Personal” or “PLUS Partner” tariff plans along with a variety of designated bundles.