AT-hook

The AT-hook is a DNA-binding motif present in many proteins, including the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, DNA-binding proteins from plants and hBRG1 protein, a central ATPase of the human switching/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) remodeling complex.

This motif consists of a conserved, palindromic, core sequence of proline-arginine-glycine-arginine-proline, although some AT-hooks contain only a single proline in the core sequence. AT-hooks also include a variable number of positively charged lysine and arginine residues on either side of the core sequence. The AT-hook binds to the minor groove of adenine-thymine (AT) rich DNA, hence the AT in the name. The rest of the name derives from a predicted asparagine/aspartate "hook" in the earliest AT-hooks reported in 1990. In 1997 structural studies using NMR determined that a DNA-bound AT-hook adopted a crescent or hook shape around the minor groove of a target DNA strand (pictured at right). HMGA proteins contain three AT-hooks, although some proteins contain as many as 30. The optimal binding sequences for AT-hook proteins are repeats of the form (ATAA)_n or (TATT)_n, although the optimal binding sequences for the core sequence of the AT-hook are AAAT and AATT.

Hook (rhetoric)

Hook (boxing)

A hook is a punch in boxing. It is performed by turning the core muscles and back, thereby swinging the arm, which is bent at an angle near or at 90 degrees, in a horizontal arc into the opponent. A hook is usually aimed at the chin, but it can also be used for body shots, especially to the liver.

Hook punches can be thrown by either the lead hand or the rear hand, but the term used without a qualifier usually refers to a lead hook.

When throwing a hook, the puncher shifts his body weight to the lead foot, allowing him to pivot his lead foot and generate kinetic energy through the hip/torso/shoulder, swinging his lead fist horizontally toward the opponent. Sometimes, depending on style and what feels comfortable to the individual, the lead foot is not pivoted. Pivoting increases the power of the punch, but leaves one lacking in options to follow up with, such as the right uppercut or right hook.

The hook is a powerful punch with knockout power.

Variations of the hook are the shovel hook or upper-hook; they are body punches that combine characteristics of both the hook and the uppercut.

Hook (Blues Traveler song)

"Hook" is a song by the jam band Blues Traveler, from their 1994 album Four. The song peaked at #23 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The title of the song is a reference to the term hook; "A hook is a musical idea, often a short riff, passage, or phrase, that is used in popular music to make a song appealing and to "catch the ear of the listener". The term generally applies to popular music, especially rock music, R&B, hip hop, dance music, and pop."

The music video for the song featured Paul Shaffer on keyboard, who also played keyboards on the second track off the album Four, entitled "Stand."

Structure

The chord progression of Hook is very similar to the basic structure of Pachelbel's Canon in D, (D-A-Bm-F#m-G-D-G-A, or I-V-vi-iii-IV-I-IV-V). This chord progression is very widely used in popular music, often as the hook, leading to other satirical takes on the use of this chord structure.

There are several allusions in the song, one to the story of Peter Pan and his nemesis Captain Hook "no matter how much Peter loved her, what made the Pan refuse to grow, was that the Hook brings you back".