East Anglia

East Anglia is an area in the East of England. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Angles, a tribe that originated in Angeln, northern Germany. Today it is legally defined as a NUTS 2 statistical region, comprising the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, including the city of Peterborough unitary authority area.

History

The kingdom of East Anglia initially consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk, but upon the marriage of the East Anglian princess Etheldreda, the Isle of Ely also became part of the kingdom.

The kingdom of the East Angles, formed about the year 520 by the merging of the North and the South Folk (Angles who had settled in the former lands of the Iceni during the previous century), was one of the seven Anglo-Saxon heptarchy kingdoms (as defined in the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon). For a brief period following a victory over the rival kingdom of Northumbria around the year 616, East Anglia was the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, and its King Raedwald was Bretwalda (overlord of the Anglo-Saxons kingdoms). But this did not last: over the next forty years, East Anglia was defeated by the Mercians twice, and it continued to weaken relative to the other kingdoms until in 794, Offa of Mercia had its king Æthelberht killed and took control of the kingdom himself.

Anglia (journal)

Anglia, subtitled Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie, is a German quarterly academic journal on English linguistics, published by de Gruyter. It was established in 1878 by Moritz Trautmann and Richard Paul Wülker, then based at the University of Leipzig. Between 1888 and 1892 Ewald Flügel, also at Leipzig, acted as editor in conjunction with Gustav Schirmer. Although a German publication, it is the longest-established journal for the study of the English language in the world, having been published continuously since 1878.Anglia publishes articles on the English language and its history, and English literature from the Middle Ages through to modern times. It also covers American literature and English-language literature from around the world. Its scope extends to general and theoretical studies of comparative literature and culture.

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Environment variable

Environment variables are a set of dynamic named values that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer.

They are part of the environment in which a process runs. For example, a running process can query the value of the TEMP environment variable to discover a suitable location to store temporary files, or the HOME or USERPROFILE variable to find the directory structure owned by the user running the process.

They were introduced in their modern form in 1979 with Version 7 Unix, so are included in all Unix operating system flavors and variants from that point onward including Linux and OS X. From PC DOS 2.0 in 1982, all succeeding Microsoft operating systems including Microsoft Windows, and OS/2 also have included them as a feature, although with somewhat different syntax, usage and standard variable names.

Details

In all Unix and Unix-like systems, each process has its own separate set of environment variables. By default, when a process is created, it inherits a duplicate environment of its parent process, except for explicit changes made by the parent when it creates the child. At the API level, these changes must be done between running fork and exec. Alternatively, from command shells such as bash, a user can change environment variables for a particular command invocation by indirectly invoking it via env or using the ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE=VALUE <command> notation. All Unix operating system flavors, DOS, and Windows have environment variables; however, they do not all use the same variable names. A running program can access the values of environment variables for configuration purposes.

CLS

CLS may refer to:

Academic fields

Education

Societies and associations

Software and technology

CLS (command)

In computing, CLS (for clear screen) is a command used by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows operating systems to clear the screen or console window of commands and any output generated by them. It does not clear the user's history of commands, however. The command is also available in the DEC RT-11 operating system. In other environments, such as Linux and Unix, the same functionality is provided by the clear command.

While the ultimate origins of using the three-character string CLS as the command to clear the screen likely predate Microsoft's use, this command was present before its MS-DOS usage, in the embedded ROM BASIC dialects Microsoft wrote for early 8-bit microcomputers (such as TRS-80 Color BASIC), where it served the same purpose. The MS-DOS dialects of BASIC written by Microsoft, BASICA and GW-BASIC, also have the CLS command as a BASIC keyword - as do various non-Microsoft implementations of BASIC such as BBC BASIC found on the BBC Micro computers. The CLS command is also present in BASIC versions for Microsoft Windows, however this generally clears text printed on the form, rather than the whole screen or controls on the form.