Anaphase

Anaphase (from the Greek ἀνά, "up" and φάσις, "stage"), is the stage of mitosis when replicated chromosomes are split and the sister chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes also reach their overall maximal condensation in late anaphase, to help chromosome segregation and the re-formation of the nucleus.

Anaphase accounts for approximately 1% of the cell cycle's duration. It begins with the regulated triggering of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Metaphase ends with the destruction of B cyclin. B cyclin is marked with ubiquitin which flags it for destruction by proteasomes, which is required for the function of metaphase cyclin-dependent kinases (M-Cdks). Anaphase starts when the anaphase promoting complex marks an inhibitory chaperone called securin with ubiquitin for destruction. Securin is a protein which inhibits a protease known as separase. The destruction of securin unleashes separase which then breaks down cohesin, a protein responsible for holding sister chromatids together. The centromeres are split, and the new daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles. They take on a V-shape or Y-shape as they are pulled back.

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Meiosis

Meiosis ⁱ/maɪˈoʊsᵻs/ is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and fungi. Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities.

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Meiosis

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Anaphase

Meiosis

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