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The Book of Amos is a prophetic book of the Hebrew Bible, one of the Twelve Minor Prophets. Amos, an older contemporary of Hosea and Isaiah,^[1] was active c. 750 BC during the reign of Jeroboam II,^[1] making the Book of Amos the first biblical prophetic book written. Amos lived in the kingdom of Judah but preached in the northern kingdom of Israel.^[1] His major themes of social justice, God's omnipotence, and divine judgment became staples of prophecy.^[1]

Authorship [link]

Amos was a prophet during the reign of Jeroboam ben Joash (Jeroboam II), ruler of Israel from 793 BC to 753 BC, and the reign of Uzziah, King of Judah, at a time when both kingdoms (Israel in the North and Judah in the South) were peaking in prosperity. He was a contemporary of the prophet Hosea, but likely preceded him. Many of the earlier accounts of prophets found in the Tanakh are found within the context of other accounts of Israel's history. Amos, however, is the first prophet whose name also serves as the title of the corresponding biblical book in which his story is found. Amos also made it a point that before his calling he was a simple husbandman and that he was not a "professional" prophet of the prophetic guild.

Time of ministry [link]

Most scholars believe that Amos gave his message in the autumn of 750 BC or 749 BC. Leading up to this time, Assyrian armies battled against Damascus for a number of years, which greatly diminished Syria's threat to Israel. As a result of the fighting amongst its neighbors, Israel had the benefit of increasing its borders almost to those of the time of David and Solomon.

It should also be noted that Amos preached about two years before a very large earthquake, and made reference to it twice in his book. Zechariah remembers this earthquake over 200 years later.

Place where written [link]

Some scholars believe that Amos's message was recorded after he delivered it to the Northern Kingdom, upon returning to his southern homeland of Tekoa, a town eight kilometres south of Bethlehem. It is mentioned many times in the Tanakh (Joshua 15:39, 2 Samuel 14:9 and 23:26, 1 Chronicles 11:28). Rehoboam is reported to have fortified Tekoa along with other cities in Judah in 2 Chronicles 11:5-6.

There are some differing opinions as to the location of the Tekoa Amos was presumably from. It is believed by most that Amos was a southern farmer, called by God to deliver his prophetic message in the North. However, some believe that Amos was actually from a Tekoa in the North, near Galilee. They believe that it is more probable that Amos was from the North because it has conditions more suitable for the cultivation of sycamore figs than the Tekoa of the South. Sycamore figs grow at a low elevation, lower than the Tekoa of Judah, which is at a relatively high elevation of 850 metres (overlooking both Jerusalem and Bethlehem). Others have discredited the theory about the Galilean Tekoa, citing that the difference in elevation between the two locations is not significant. Scholars in support of the idea of Amos being from the North also say it makes more sense because of Amaziah's accusation of conspiracy found in chapter seven, verse 10. A conspirator, they argue, is more likely to be a national.

Two other opinions of where Amos's writings were recorded deserve mention. They are that 1) disciples of Amos followed him and recorded his message and 2) that someone in his audience in the North recorded his message.

Purpose [link]

The Book of Amos is set in a time when the people of Israel have reached a low point in their devotion to YHVH (the God of Israel) - the people have become greedy and have stopped following and adhering to their values. The wealthy elite are becoming rich at the expense of others. Peasant farmers who once practiced subsistence farming are being forced to farm what is best for foreign trade, mostly wine and oil. (Amos 6:6) A reference is needed for the propagation of a growth of cash over subsistence crops, it is not a complaint intrinsic to the text of Amos|date=July 2011}}

YHVH speaks to Amos, a farmer and herder, and tells him to go to Samaria, the capital of the Northern kingdom. Through Amos, God tells the people that he is going to judge Israel for its sins, and it will be a foreign nation that will enact his judgment.

The people understand judgment as the coming of "the Day of the LORD." "The Day of the LORD" was widely celebrated and highly anticipated by the followers of God. However, Amos came to tell the people that "the Day of the LORD" was coming soon and that it meant divine judgment and justice for their own iniquity.

The Day of the Lord [link]

Amos is the first prophet to use the term "the Day of the LORD".^[2] This phrase becomes important within future prophetic and apocalyptic literature. For the people of Israel "the day of the LORD" is the day when YHVH will fight against their and his enemies, and it will be a day of victory for Israel. However, Amos and other prophets include Israel as an enemy of YHWH. According to Amos, Israel is guilty of injustice toward the innocent, poor, and young women.^[3] As punishment YHVH's vengeance would be directed against Israel, and the prophet warns his audience: "Is not the day of the LORD darkness, not light, and gloom with no brightness in it?" (Amos 5:20) The "day of the LORD" for the people of Israel is not a day of celebration.

Themes [link]

Scholars^[who?] break the book of Amos up into three sections. Chapters one and two look at the nations surrounding Israel and then Israel itself through an ethical lens. Chapters three to six are a collection of verses that look more specifically at Israel's transgressions. Chapters seven to nine include visions that YHVH gave Amos as well as Amaziah's rebuke of the prophet. The last section of the book (7:1 to 9:8), commonly referred to as the Book of Visions, contains the only narrative section. In the first two visions, Amos is able to convince God not to act out the scenes of discipline presented to him. The ideas of discipline and justice, although not enacted here, correspond to the central message in what some refer to as the Book of Woes (5:1 to 6:14). This message can be seen most clearly in verse 24 of chapter five. The plagues in the preceding chapter, chapter four, were supposed to be seen as acts of discipline that turned Israel back to God. However, the people did not interpret the acts this way, and the discipline turned into judgment for the people's disobedience. In the second set of visions (7:7-9) there is no intercession by Amos, and God says that he "will never pass by them again." The plight of Israel has become hopeless. God will not hold back judgment because Israel refuses to listen to the prophets and even goes so far as to try to silence them (2:12, 3:8, 7:10-17).

The central idea^{[citation needed]} of the book of Amos is that God puts his people on the same level as the surrounding nations - God expects the same purity of them all. As it is with all nations that rise up against the kingdom of God, even Israel and Judah will not be exempt from the judgment of God because of their idolatry and unjust ways. The nation that represents YHVH must be made pure of anything or anyone that profanes the name of God. God's name must be exalted.

Other major ideas in the book of Amos include: social justice and concern for the disadvantaged; the idea that Israel's covenant with God did not exempt them from accountability for sin; God is God of all nations; God is judge of all nations; God is God of moral righteousness; God made all people; God elected Israel and then liberated Israel so that He would be known throughout the world; election by God means that those elected are responsible to live according to the purposes clearly outlined to them in the covenant; if God destroys the unjust, a remnant will remain; and God is free to judge whether to redeem Israel.

Highlighted activities within Amos [link]

The Book of Amos contains several different key activities and genres which are used to expound upon its themes. The following are a few examples ^[4]:

• Oracles (or prophecies against the Gentile nations which surrounded Judah during the time of its writing (1.3-2.6)
• Address to different groups in Israel
  • Women of Samaria (4.1-3)
  • Rich persons in Samaria & Jerusalem (6.1-7; 8.4-8)
• Visions pertaining to God's judgment on Israel
  • Locusts (7.1-3)
  • Fire (7.4-6)
  • A plumb line (7.7-9)
  • A basket of fruit (8.1-3)
  • YHVH beside the altar (9.1-4)
• A confrontation between Amos and his listeners at Bethel (7.10-17)

References [link]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Amos

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
2. ^ Coogan, M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. (Oxford University Press: Oxford 2009). p260
3. ^ Coogan, M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. (Oxford University Press: Oxford 2009). p258-259
4. ^ Michael D. Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament (New York: Oxford, 2009), 256.

Sources [link]

• Bulkeley, Tim Amos: Hypertext Bible Commentary. Auckland: Hypertext Bible, 2005. Amos: Hypertext Bible Commentary
• R., M. Daniel Amos: The Prophet and His Oracles. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002)
• Coote, Robert B. Amos Among the Prophets: Composition and Theology. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981.
• Doorly, William J. Prophet of Justice: Understanding the Book of Amos. New York: Paulist Press 1989.
• Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897.
• Hasel, Gerhard F. Understanding the Book of Amos: Basic Issues in Current Interpretations. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1991.
• Haynes, John H. Amos the Eighth Century Prophet: His Times and His Preaching. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1988.
• Keil, C.F. et al. Commentary on the Old Testament in Ten Volumes. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1986.
• LaSor, William Sanford et al. Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996.
• Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
• Möller, Karl. A Prophet in Debate: The Rhetoric of Persuasion in the Book of Amos. London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2003.

External links [link]

Online translations of Book of Amos:

• Jewish translations:
  • Amos (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org

• Christian translations:
  • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (English Standard Version)
  • Amos at Wikisource (Authorised King James Version)
• Nicholas Whyte on Amos
• New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia, Amos