The twenty-foot equivalent unit (often TEU or teu) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.[1] It is based on the volume of a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) intermodal container, a standard-sized metal box which can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains and trucks.[1]
One TEU represents the cargo capacity of a standard intermodal container, 20 feet (6.1 m) long and 8 feet (2.44 m) wide.[1] There is a lack of standardisation in regards to height, ranging between 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) and 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m), with the most common height being 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m).[2] Also, it is common to designate 45-foot (13.7 m) containers as 2 TEU, rather than 2.25 TEU.[3]
Contents |
Equivalence [link]
| Length | Width | Height | Volume | TEU |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 ft (6.1 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 1,360 cu ft (38.5 m3) | 1 |
| 40 ft (12.2 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 2,720 cu ft (77 m3) | 2 |
| 45 ft (13.7 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 3,060 cu ft (86.6 m3) | 2[3] or 2.25 |
| 48 ft (14.6 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 3,264 cu ft (92.4 m3) | 2.4 |
| 53 ft (16.2 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 3,604 cu ft (102.1 m3) | 2.65 |
| High cube | ||||
| 20 ft (6.1 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) | 1,520 cu ft (43 m3) | 1[2] |
| Half height | ||||
| 20 ft (6.1 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) | 680 cu ft (19.3 m3) | 1[2] |
As the TEU is an inexact unit, it cannot be converted precisely into other units. The related unit forty-foot equivalent unit (often FEU or feu) however is defined as two TEU. The most common dimensions for a 20-foot (6.1 m) container are 20 feet (6.1 m) long, 8 feet (2.44 m) wide, and 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) high, for a volume of 1,360 cubic feet (39 m3). However, both 9-foot-6-inch-tall (2.90 m) High cube and 4-foot-3-inch (1.30 m) half height containers are also reckoned as 1 TEU.[2][3] This gives a volume range of 680 to 1,520 cubic feet (19 to 43 m3) for one TEU.
While the TEU is not itself a measure of mass, some conclusions can be drawn about the maximum mass that a TEU can represent. The maximum gross mass for a 20-foot (6.1 m) dry cargo container is 24,000 kilograms (53,000 lb).[4] Subtracting the tare mass of the container itself, the maximum amount of cargo per TEU is reduced to approximately 21,600 kilograms (48,000 lb).[4]
Similarly, the maximum gross mass for a 40-foot (12.2 m) dry cargo container (including the 9-foot-6-inch-high (2.90 m) cube container) is 30,480 kilograms (67,200 lb).[4] After correcting for tare weight, this gives a cargo capacity of 26,500 kilograms (58,000 lb).[4]
Twenty-foot, "heavy tested" containers are available for heavy goods such as heavy machinery. These containers allow a maximum weight of 67,200 pounds (30,500 kg), an empty weight of 5,290 pounds (2,400 kg), and a net load of 61,910 pounds (28,080 kg).
See also [link]
Footnotes [link]
- ^ a b c Rowlett, 2004.
- ^ a b c d "Container Shipping". damovers.com. damovers.com. https://www.damovers.com/container-shipping/. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ a b c businesspeek.com (2006). "Shipping Container Basics". businesspeek.com. businesspeek.com. https://businesspeek.com/manufacturing/shipping-containers.html. Retrieved 2008-03-22.[dead link]
- ^ a b c d "Shipping containers". Emase. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090420143514/https://emase.co.uk/data/cont.html. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
- ^ "Namegiving of newbuilding L 203". Odense Steel Shipyard. 2006-12-08. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070713100229/https://media.maersk.com/en/pressreleases/2006/namegiving+l203.htm.
- ^ Koepf, Pam (2006). "Overachievers We Love". Popular Science 269 (6): 24
References [link]
- Maersk Shipping (2010). "Maersk Container Brochure". Maersk. https://www.maerskline.com/globalfile/?path=/pdf/containerDimensions. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- CIRCA (2008). "Glossary: TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit)". The European Commission. Archived from the original on 2008-04-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20080414090251/https://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/bmethods/info/data/new/coded/en/gl000976.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
- Rowlett, Russ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2000). "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictT.html. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
- BusinessDictionary.com (2008). "twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU)". BusinessDictionary.com. https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/twenty-foot-equivalent-unit-TEU.html. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
- Bohlman, Michael (September 2001). "ISO's container standards are nothing but good news" (PDF). ISO Bulletin (International Organisation for Standardisation): 15. https://www.iso.org/iso/container0109.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002-06-19). "Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU)". Glossary of Statistical Terms. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=4313. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
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Teu (disambiguation)
TEU may refer to:
Treaty on European Union
The Treaty on European Union (2007) is one of the primary Treaties of the European Union, alongside the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The TEU forms the basis of EU law, by setting out general principle's of the EU's purpose, the governance of its central institutions (such as the Commission, Parliament, and Council), as well as the rules on external, foreign and security policy.
History
While the current version of the TEU entered into force in 2009, following the Treaty of Lisbon (2007), the older form of the same document was implemented by the Treaty of Maastricht (1992).
Contents
After the preamble the treaty text is divided into six parts.
Title I: Common Provisions
The first deals with common provisions. Article 1 establishes the European Union on the basis of the European Community and lays out the legal value of the treaties. Article 2 states that the EU is "founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities." The member states share a "society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail".
Pluto
Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond Neptune. It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered. It is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the Sun. It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris, a dwarf planet in the scattered disc. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small—about one-sixth the mass of Earth's Moon and one-third its volume. It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune, but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding. Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance (39.5 AU).
Pluto (manga)
Pluto (プルートウ Purūtō) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoki Urasawa. It was serialized in Shogakukan's Big Comic Original magazine from 2003 to 2009, with the chapters collected into eight tankōbon volumes. The series is based on Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy, specifically "The Greatest Robot on Earth" (地上最大のロボット Chijō saidai no robotto) story arc, and named after the arc's chief villain. Urasawa reinterprets the story as a suspenseful murder mystery starring Gesicht, a Europol robot detective trying to solve the case of a string of robot and human deaths. Takashi Nagasaki is credited as the series' co-author. Macoto Tezuka, Osamu Tezuka's son, supervised the series, and Tezuka Productions is listed as having given cooperation.
Pluto was awarded the ninth Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize, an Excellence Prize at the seventh Japan Media Arts Festival and the 2010 Seiun Award for Best Comic. In France, it won the Intergenerational Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival and the Prix Asie-ACBD award at Japan Expo in 2011. The series was licensed and released in English in North America by Viz Media, under the name Pluto: Urasawa x Tezuka. By 2010, over 8.5 million volumes of the manga had been sold.
University of Central Lancashire
The University of Central Lancashire (abbreviated UCLan) is a public university based in Preston, Lancashire, England. It has its roots in The Institution For The Diffusion Of Useful Knowledge founded in 1828. Subsequently known as Harris Art College, then Preston Polytechnic, then Lancashire Polytechnic, in 1992 it was granted university status by the Privy Council. The university is the 19th largest in the UK in terms of student numbers.
History
The Institution for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was founded in 1828 by Joseph Livesey's Temperance Society. The society was born from a pledge made by seven Preston working men (whose names can be seen on a plaque in the university's library) to never again consume alcohol.
The institute was housed in a classical-revivalist building on Cannon Street, before eventually expanding under the endowment of a local lawyer, Edmund Robert Harris, who died in 1877. The expansion brought with it several new buildings and houses in the nearby Regent Street were purchased and demolished as a consequence. The institute became a regional centre of excellence for the arts and sciences.
