Al-Ma'mun

Abū'l-ʿAbbās ʿAbdallāh al-Ma'mūn ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (Arabic: ابوجعفر عبدالله المأمون‎; September 786 – 9 August 833) was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his brother al-Amin after a civil war, and presided over the greatest cultural and scientific flowering of Baghdad, but also over the Mu'tazilism controversy, and the resumption of large-scale warfare with the Byzantine Empire.

Birth

The future al-Ma'mun was born in Baghdad on the night of the 13th to the 14th September 786 CE to Harun al-Rashid and his concubine Marajil, from Badghis. On the same night, which later became known as the "night of the three caliphs", his uncle al-Hadi died and was succeeded by Ma'mun's father, Harun al-Rashid, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Abbasid civil war