Minori (train)

The Minori (みのり) was a Limited express train service in Japan operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) between Niigata and Takada on the Shinetsu Main Line in Niigata Prefecture between March 1997 and 2002.

Rolling stock

Services were formed of Niigata-based 4- and 6-car 485 series EMUs.

History

The Minori services commenced from the start of the revised timetable on 22 March 1997, with one working in each direction daily.

Services were increased to three workings in each direction daily from 1 October 1997, with two services in each direction operating between Niigata and Nagano, absorbing earlier Akakura express services and coinciding with the opening of the Nagano Shinkansen. Services to and from Nagano were subsequently cut back due to poor loadings, reduced to two workings in each direction daily between Niigata and Takada from 1 December 2001. The Minori services were discontinued from the start of the revised timetable on 1 December 2002, being replaced by new Kubikino rapid services operating between Niigata and Arai.

Law of agency

The law of agency is an area of commercial law dealing with a set of contractual, quasi-contractual and non-contractual fiduciary relationships that involve a person, called the agent, that is authorized to act on behalf of another (called the principal) to create legal relations with a third party. Succinctly, it may be referred to as the equal relationship between a principal and an agent whereby the principal, expressly or implicitly, authorizes the agent to work under his or her control and on his or her behalf. The agent is, thus, required to negotiate on behalf of the principal or bring him or her and third parties into contractual relationship. This branch of law separates and regulates the relationships between:

In 1986, the European Communities enacted Directive 86/653/EEC on self-employed commercial agents. In the UK, this was implemented into national law in the Commercial Agents Regulations 1993.

Patent attorney

A patent attorney is an attorney who has the specialized qualifications necessary for representing clients in obtaining patents and acting in all matters and procedures relating to patent law and practice, such as filing an opposition. The term is used differently in different countries, and thus may or may not require the same legal qualifications as a general legal practitioner.

The titles patent agent and patent lawyer are also used in some jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions the terms are interchangeable, while in others the latter is used only if the person qualified as a lawyer.

Qualification regimes

In Europe, requirements for practising as patent attorney before national patent offices should be distinguished from those needed for practising before the European Patent Office (EPO) or the Eurasian Patent Office (EAPO). On the national level, the requirements are not harmonized, although across the 28 Member States of the European Union respective professional qualifications are mutually recognised to some degree.

Agent (economics)

In economics, an agent is an actor and more specifically a decision maker in a model of some aspect of the economy. Typically, every agent makes decisions by solving a well or ill-defined optimization/choice problem.

For example, buyers and sellers are two common types of agents in partial equilibrium models of a single market. Macroeconomic models, especially dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models that are explicitly based on microfoundations, often distinguish households, firms, and governments or central banks as the main types of agents in the economy. Each of these agents may play multiple roles in the economy; households, for example, might act as consumers, as workers, and as voters in the model. Some macroeconomic models distinguish even more types of agents, such as workers and shoppers or commercial banks.

The term agent is also used in relation to principal–agent models; in this case it refers specifically to someone delegated to act on behalf of a principal.