Frame (artificial intelligence)

Frames were proposed by Marvin Minsky in his 1974 article "A Framework for Representing Knowledge." A frame is an artificial intelligence data structure used to divide knowledge into substructures by representing "stereotyped situations." Frames are the primary data structure used in artificial intelligence Frame languages.

Frames are also an extensive part of knowledge representation and reasoning schemes. Frames were originally derived from semantic networks and are therefore part of structure based knowledge representations. According to Russell and Norvig's "Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach," structural representations assemble "...facts about particular object and even types and arrange the types into a large taxonomic hierarchy analogous to a biological taxonomy."

Frame structure

The frame contains information on how to use the frame, what to expect next, and what to do when these expectations are not met. Some information in the frame is generally unchanged while other information, stored in "terminals," usually change. Different frames may share the same terminals.

Frames (Oceansize album)

Frames is the third studio album by British progressive rock band Oceansize, released on 1 October 2007 on Superball Music. The album marks the first appearance of bassist Steven Hodson, following the departure of Jon Ellis in 2005.

In May 2008, the band re-released the album with an accompanying DVD, featuring a full performance of the album, a documentary focusing on the making of the album, and various live tracks. The package also includes an Oceansize sticker.

The band played the album in full on 18 October 2008 in Manchester as part of a trilogy of shows that celebrated the band's ten-year anniversary.

Vocalist/guitarist Mike Vennart states that:

Background

The album features "a lot of songs about grudges and negative energy”, with the song "Commemorative 9/11 T-Shirt", inspired by a gift to Vennart by band Cardiacs, which includes a time signature of "11/8 or 9/8, so when we were naming the song it was like 'it's in 11, it's in 9, it's got to be 9/11",

Regarding the album, Vennart states that:

Frame (linear algebra)

In linear algebra, a frame of an inner product space is a generalization of a basis of a vector space to sets that may be linearly dependent. In the terminology of signal processing, a frame provides a redundant, stable way of representing a signal. Frames are used in error detection and correction and the design and analysis of filter banks and more generally in applied mathematics, computer science, and engineering.

Definition and motivation

Motivating example: computing a basis from a linearly dependent set

Suppose we have a set of vectors in the vector space V and we want to express an arbitrary element as a linear combination of the vectors , that is, we want to find coefficients such that

If the set does not span , then such coefficients do not exist for every such . If spans and also is linearly independent, this set forms a basis of , and the coefficients are uniquely determined by . If, however, spans but is not linearly independent, the question of how to determine the coefficients becomes less apparent, in particular if is of infinite dimension.

Agenda (charity)

Agenda is a UK-based charity which campaigns for women and girls at risk. The charity aims to highlight the needs of what it considers to be the most excluded women and girls: those who have experienced extensive violence, abuse, trauma, and inequality, including problems such as homelessness, incarceration, addiction, serious mental health issues, engagement in prostitution, and other forms of multiple disadvantage. The organisation has 53 members, a mix of charities working with women across the various issues Agenda seeks to address.

History

Agenda was brought together by a group of trusts, foundations and voluntary sector organisations building on work started with Baroness Corston’s 2007 report into women in the criminal justice system.

From 2008, a group of funders collaborated through the Corston Independent Funders Commission (CIFC) to improve the response to women in contact with the criminal justice system. Primarily focused on community alternatives to custody, the CIFC became interested in broadening its scope away from women already in the criminal justice system to look at a wider group of women and girls facing multiple disadvantage. In partnership with Clinks, CIFC carried out a consultation with organisations working with vulnerable women and girls in 2013.

Agenda (think tank)

Agenda is a think tank focused on both politics in Norway and international affairs, located in Oslo, Norway. Agenda started up activities in August 2014. The think tank is headed by Marte Gerhardsen, a former diplomat and director of DNB ASA and secretary general of Care Norway. Chairman of the Board is the lawyer Geir Lippestad.

Agenda's research focuses particularly on five topics: Labour economics, welfare, integration, climate change and energy, as well as foreign policy. Occacionally, it has also commented on party tactics aiming to establish a broader alliance at the left spectrum of Norwegian politics. The think tank has a stated ideological orientation towards the center-left. It partly seeks a position in opposition to the liberal think tank Civita, which is funded by the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise. Agenda is a non-partisan and non-profit entity funded jointly by the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO), and by the Norwegian CEO and philanthropist Trond Mohn.

Batak Christian Protestant Church

The Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP), which translates into the Batak Christian Protestant Church, is the largest Protestant denomination in Indonesia, with a baptized membership of 4,100,000. Its present leader is the Ephorus (or Bishop) Rev. WTP Simarmata.

History

The first Protestant missionaries who tried to reach the Batak highlands of inner Northern Sumatra were English and American Baptist preachers in the 1820s and 30s, but without any success. After Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn and Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk did intensive research on Batak language and culture in the 1840s, a new attempt was done in 1861 by several missionaries sent out by the German Rhenish Missionary Society (RMG). The first Bataks were baptized in this year. In 1864, Dr. Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen from Rhenish Missionary Society Germany, reached the Batak region and founded a village called "Huta Dame" (village of peace) in the district of Tapanuli in Tarutung, North Sumatra.

The RMG was associated with the Unierte Kirche, or union of Lutheran and Reformed churches. However, Dr. Nommensen and local leaders developed an approach that applied local custom to Christian belief.