Addiction (journal)

Addiction is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1884 by the Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and other Drugs. It covers original research relating to alcohol, illicit drugs, tobacco, and behavioural addictions.

Impact

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 4.145, ranking it second out of 14 journals in the category "Substance Abuse" and 24th out of 126 journals in the category of "Psychiatry". It is also ranked 1st out of 29 journals in the Social Sciences category "Substance Abuse" and 12th out of 107 journals in the Social Sciences category "Psychiatry".

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Addiction (Medina song)

Addiction is a song by Danish singer Medina from her international debut studio album Welcome to Medina. It was released as the third single from the album on 1 November 2010. The electropop song was written by Medina, Providers and Lisa Greene and it was produced by Providers. "Addiction" peaked at number one in Denmark, becoming Medina's fifth number-one single. In the United States, the song peaked at number one on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart.

Live performances

Medina performed the song on DR's Sport 2010 and during the "Welcome to Medina Tour" in Germany.

Chart performance

"Addiction" debuted at number 59 in Germany and stayed in the chart for nine weeks. In Denmark the song debuted at number 16 on the chart in the release week of the album Welcome to Medina due to a high amount of downloads and dropped off the chart two weeks later. On December 17, 2010 "Addiction" peaked at number one in Denmark. The song has spent a total of 21 weeks on the chart, and has since been certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for sales of 30,000 units. On the issue dated 21 May 2011, "Addiction" peaked at number one on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart in the United States.

Chemical element

A chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, Z). There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up the Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the crust of the earth.

Chemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe. However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter is only approximately 15% of the matter in the universe: the remainder is dark matter, the composition of which is unknown, but it is not composed of chemical elements. The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus more rare than those that follow. Formation of elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than twenty-six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements far into space as planetary nebulae, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed.

Element (criminal law)

Under United States law, an element of a crime (or element of an offense) is one of a set of facts that must all be proven to convict a defendant of a crime. Before a court finds a defendant guilty of a criminal offense, the prosecution must present evidence that, even when opposed by any evidence the defense may choose to present, is credible and sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed each element of the particular crime charged. The component parts that make up any particular crime vary depending on the crime.

The basic components of an offense are listed below; generally, each element of an offense falls into one or another of these categories. At common law, conduct could not be considered criminal unless a defendant possessed some level of intention — either purpose, knowledge, or recklessness — with regard to both the nature of his alleged conduct and the existence of the factual circumstances under which the law considered that conduct criminal. However, for some legislatively enacted crimes, the most notable example being statutory rape, a defendant need not have had any degree of belief or willful disregard as to the existence of certain factual circumstances (such as the age of the accuser) that rendered his conduct criminal; such crimes are known as strict liability offenses.

Element (UML)

In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), an Element is an abstract class with no superclass. It is used as the superclass or base class, as known by object oriented programmers, for all the metaclasses in the UML infrastructure library. All other elements in the UML inherit, directly or indirectly from Element. An Element has a derived composition association to itself to support the general capability for elements to own other elements. As such, it has no additional attributes as part of its specification.

Associations

An association describes a set of tuples of typed instances.