A-DNA
A-DNA is one of the possible double helical structures which DNA can adopt. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B-DNA and Z-DNA. It is a right-handed double helix fairly similar to the more common B-DNA form, but with a shorter, more compact helical structure whose base pairs are not perpendicular to the helix-axis as in B-DNA. It was discovered by Rosalind Franklin, who also named the A and B forms. She showed that DNA is driven into the A form when under dehydrating conditions. Such conditions are commonly used in to form crystals, and many DNA crystal structures are in the A form. The same helical conformation occurs in double-stranded RNAs, and in DNA-RNA hybrid double helices.
Structure
A-DNA is fairly similar to B-DNA given that it is a right-handed double helix with major and minor grooves. However, as shown in the comparison table below, there is a slight increase in the number of base pairs (bp) per turn (resulting in a smaller twist angle), and smaller rise per per base pair (making A-DNA 20-25% shorter than B-DNA). The major groove of A-DNA is deep and narrow, while the minor groove is wide and shallow.
Arna, Norway
Arna is a borough in the city of Bergen in Hordaland county, Norway. Arna is one of 8 boroughs in Bergen. It encompasses the northeastern part of the municipality of Bergen. Arna was merged into the city of Bergen in 1972. Prior to that time, it was the separate municipality of Arna. The main population centres in the borough are the villages of Indre Arna, Ytre Arna, and Espeland.
Location
The borough of Arna has approximately 13,000 inhabitants. The borough lies along the Sørfjorden, east of the centre of the city of Bergen (the borough of Bergenhus). The large mountains Ulriken and Rundemanen lie between the city centre and Arna. Arna is geographically close to downtown Bergen, but it takes some time to drive there by road as there is currently no road tunnel. However, a train journey from Arna Station to Bergen only takes eight minutes since there is a train tunnel (Ulriken Tunnel) through the mountain. Takvam Station and Trengereid Station are also located within the borough, a little east of the village of Indre Arna. The European route E16 highway runs through Arna, along the shoreline.
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