Adenomatous polyposis coli

This article refers to the tumor suppressor APC, in which mutations lead to colon cancer. For the cell-cycle regulatory complex, APC/C, see Anaphase-promoting complex.

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) also known as deleted in polyposis 2.5 (DP2.5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APC gene. The APC protein is a negative regulator that controls beta-catenin concentrations and interacts with E-cadherin, which are involved in cell adhesion. Mutations in the APC gene may result in colorectal cancer.

APC is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. Tumor suppressor genes prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells that may result in cancerous tumors. The protein made by the APC gene plays a critical role in several cellular processes that determine whether a cell may develop into a tumor. The APC protein helps control how often a cell divides, how it attaches to other cells within a tissue, how the cell polarizes and the morphogenesis of the 3D structures, or whether a cell moves within or away from a tissue. This protein also helps ensure that the chromosome number in cells produced through cell division is correct. The APC protein accomplishes these tasks mainly through association with other proteins, especially those that are involved in cell attachment and signaling. The activity of one protein in particular, beta-catenin, is controlled by the APC protein (see: Wnt signaling pathway). Regulation of beta-catenin prevents genes that stimulate cell division from being turned on too often and prevents cell overgrowth.

Index set

In mathematics, an index set is a set whose members label (or index) members of another set. For instance, if the elements of a set A may be indexed or labeled by means of a set J, then J is an index set. The indexing consists of a surjective function from J onto A and the indexed collection is typically called an (indexed) family, often written as (A_j)_j∈J.

Examples

An enumeration of a set S gives an index set , where f : J → S is the particular enumeration of S.

Any countably infinite set can be indexed by .

For , the indicator function on r is the function given by

The set of all the functions is an uncountable set indexed by .

Other uses

In computational complexity theory and cryptography, an index set is a set for which there exists an algorithm I that can sample the set efficiently; i.e., on input 1ⁿ, I can efficiently select a poly(n)-bit long element from the set.

See also

References

Family (Spanish band)

Family was a cult band from Spain in the 1990s. Although initially unsuccessful, Family gradually acquired a fanbase and is now highly recognised in the Spanish underground pop scene. Their only album, Un Soplo en el Corazón has been praised for its poetic lyrics, inspired music and elegant artwork.

Family - Un Soplo en el Corazón (Tracklist)

1. La Noche Inventada (2:24)

2. Nadadora (2:57)

3. Como un Aviador (3:19)

4. En el Rascacielos (2:32)

5. El Bello Verano (2:19)

6. Portugal (2:10)

7. El Buen Vigía (2:05)

8. Viaje a los Sueños Polares (2:53)

9. Al Otro Lado (2:02)

10. Carlos Baila (2:49)

11. Yo TePerdí una Tarde de Abril (3:01)

12. Dame Estrellas O Limones (2:24)

13. El mapa (2:20)

14. Martín se ha ido para siempre (3:09)

Family (Noah Gundersen album)

Family is the self-released third EP by Noah Gundersen. It was recorded by Daniel Mendez (who has previously worked with Lit, Dashboard Confessional, Duran Duran, Heart, and Train) and mastered by Ed Brooks in just under a week in Dallas. It was released on August 6, 2011. The 7-track EP features Noah's sister, Abby Gundersen, who plays violin and sings vocal harmonies on several tracks. Family has been called genre-defying and at times reminiscent of Ryan Adams, Fleet Foxes, Tom Waits, and Neil Young. The EP can be downloaded on Noah Gundersen's Bandcamp page.

Noah felt the title of the EP to be fitting as it "pays homage to the people who have shaped his life." "Family comes in many forms," says Noah. "It lives with us, for better and for worse. It shapes us. That's what this album is about."

The title track, "Family", appears on the television series The Vampire Diaries during the season four episode "Stand By Me", as well as the FX series Sons of Anarchy during season four's "With an X". The song "David" appears near the end of the Sons of Anarchy episode "Burnt and Purged Away".