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The K5 was AMD's first x86 processor to be developed entirely in-house. Introduced in March 1996, its primary competition was Intel's Pentium microprocessor. The K5 was an ambitious design, closer to a Pentium Pro than a Pentium regarding technical solutions and internal architecture. However, the final product was closer to the Pentium regarding performance, although faster clock for clock compared to the Pentium.
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Technical details [link]
The K5 was based upon an internal highly parallel 29k RISC processor architecture with an x86 decoding front-end. The K5 offered good x86 compatibility. All models had 4.3 million transistors, with five integer units that could process instructions out of order and one floating point unit. The branch target buffer was four times the size of the Pentium's and register renaming improved parallel performance of the pipelines.[clarification needed] The chip's speculative execution of instructions reduced pipeline stalls. It had a 16 KB, four-way set associative instruction cache and an 8 KB data cache. The K5 lacked MMX instructions, which Intel started offering in its Pentium MMX processors that were launched in early 1997.
Performance [link]
The K5 project represented an early chance for AMD to take technical leadership from Intel. Although the chip addressed the right design concepts, the actual engineering implementation had its issues. The low clock rates were, in part, due to AMD's limitations as a "cutting edge" manufacturing company at the time, in part due to the design itself (many levels of logic, thus slowing it down). Having a branch prediction unit four times the size of the Pentium, yet reportedly not delivering superior performance is an example of how the actual implementation fell short of the project's goals.[citation needed] Additionally, while the K5's floating point performance was better than that of the Cyrix 6x86[clarification needed], it was weaker than that of the Pentium. Because it was late to market and did not meet performance expectations, the K5 never gained the acceptance among large computer manufacturers that the Am486 and AMD K6 enjoyed.
Models [link]
There were two sets of K5 processors, internally called the SSA/5 and the 5k86, both released with the K5 label. The "SSA/5" line ran from 75 to 100 MHz (5K86 P75 to P100, later K5 PR-75 to PR100); the "5k86" line ran from 90 to 133 MHz. However, AMD used what it called a PR rating, or performance rating, to label the chips according to their equivalence to a Pentium of that clock speed. Thus, a 116 MHz chip from the second line was marketed as the "K5 PR166". Manufacturing delays caused the PR200's arrival to unfortunately nearly align with the release of K6. Since AMD did not want the two chips competing, the K5-PR200 only arrived in small numbers.
SSA/5 [link]
- Sold as 5K86 P75 to P100, later as K5 PR75 to PR100
- 4.3 million Transistors in 500 or 350 nm
- L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions)
- Socket 5 and Socket 7
- VCore: 3.52V
- Front side bus: 50 (PR75), 60 (PR90), 66 MHz (PR100)
- First release: March 27, 1996
- Clockrate: 75, 90, 100 MHz
5k86 [link]
- Sold as K5 PR120 to PR166 (PR200)
- 4.3 million Transistors in 350 nm
- L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions)
- Socket 5 and Socket 7
- VCore: 3.52V
- Front side bus: 60 (PR120/150), 66 MHz
- First release: October 7, 1996
- Clockrate: 90 (PR120), 100 (PR133), 105 (PR150), 116.6 (PR166), 133 MHz (PR200)
References [link]
Further reading [link]
- Gwennap, Linley (25 March 1996). "AMD Ships Pentium Competitor". Microprocessor Report.
- Slater, Michael (24 October 1994). "AMD's K5 Designed to Outrun Pentium". Microprocessor Report.
- Slater, Michael (8 May 1995). "AMD K5 Volume Slips into 1996". Microprocessor Report.
External links [link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: AMD K5 |
- AMD: AMD-K5 Processor Overview
- Technical overview of the K5 series
- Pictures of K5 chips at CPUShack.net
- The AMD K5, a much underrated chip
- AMD K5 technical specifications
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Advanced Micro Devices
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is an American worldwide semiconductor company based in Sunnyvale, California, United States, that develops computer-processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets. While initially it manufactured its own processors, the company became fabless after GlobalFoundries was spun off in 2009. AMD's main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics processors for servers, workstations and personal computers, and embedded systems applications.
AMD is the second-largest supplier and only significant rival to Intel in the market for x86-based microprocessors. Since acquiring ATI in 2006, AMD and its competitor Nvidia have dominated the discrete graphics processor unit (GPU) market.
Company history
First twelve years
Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated on May 1, 1969, by Jerry Sanders, along with seven of his colleagues from Fairchild Semiconductor. Sanders, an electrical engineer who was the director of marketing at Fairchild, had like many Fairchild executives grown frustrated with the increasing lack of support, opportunity, and flexibility within that company, and decided to leave to start his own semiconductor company. The previous year Robert Noyce, who had invented the first practical integrated circuit or microchip in 1959 at Fairchild, had left Fairchild together with Gordon Moore and founded the semiconductor company Intel in July 1968.
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To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there. Usually, there is a central location at least for record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets use electronic networks, which gives them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is restricted to brokers who are members of the exchange. In recent years, various other trading venues, such as electronic communication networks, alternative trading systems and "dark pools" have taken much of the trading activity away from traditional stock exchanges.
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