RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT3 gene.[1][2]
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the AKT serine/threonine protein kinase family. AKT kinases are known to be regulators of cell signaling in response to insulin and growth factors. They are involved in a wide variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, as well as glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake. This kinase has been shown to be stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Alternatively splice transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described.[3] Mice lacking Akt3 have a normal glucose metabolism (no diabetes), have approximately normal body weight, but have a 25% reduction in brain mass. Incidentally, Akt3 is highly expressed in the brain.
Interactions [link]
AKT3 has been shown to interact with Protein kinase Mζ.[4]
References [link]
- ^ Brodbeck D, Cron P, Hemmings BA (Apr 1999). "A human protein kinase Bgamma with regulatory phosphorylation sites in the activation loop and in the C-terminal hydrophobic domain". J Biol Chem 274 (14): 9133–6. DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.14.9133. PMID 10092583.
- ^ Nakatani K, Sakaue H, Thompson DA, Weigel RJ, Roth RA (Jun 1999). "Identification of a human Akt3 (protein kinase B gamma) which contains the regulatory serine phosphorylation site". Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257 (3): 906–10. DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0559. PMID 10208883.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: AKT3 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 (protein kinase B, gamma)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10000.
- ^ Hodgkinson, Conrad P; Sale Elizabeth M, Sale Graham J (Aug. 2002). "Characterization of PDK2 activity against protein kinase B gamma". Biochemistry (United States) 41 (32): 10351–9. DOI:10.1021/bi026065r. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 12162751.
Further reading [link]
- Li W, Zhang J, Bottaro DP, Pierce JH (1997). "Identification of serine 643 of protein kinase C-delta as an important autophosphorylation site for its enzymatic activity.". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (39): 24550–5. DOI:10.1074/jbc.272.39.24550. PMID 9305920.
- Borgatti P, Zauli G, Colamussi ML, et al. (1998). "Extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein activates phosphatidylinositol 3- and Akt/PKB kinases in CD4+ T lymphoblastoid Jurkat cells.". Eur. J. Immunol. 27 (11): 2805–11. DOI:10.1002/eji.1830271110. PMID 9394803.
- Walker KS, Deak M, Paterson A, et al. (1998). "Activation of protein kinase B beta and gamma isoforms by insulin in vivo and by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 in vitro: comparison with protein kinase B alpha". Biochem. J. 331 ( Pt 1) (Pt 1): 299–308. PMC 1219352. PMID 9512493. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1219352.
- Nakatani K, Thompson DA, Barthel A, et al. (1999). "Up-regulation of Akt3 in estrogen receptor-deficient breast cancers and androgen-independent prostate cancer lines". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (31): 21528–32. DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.31.21528. PMID 10419456.
- Masure S, Haefner B, Wesselink JJ, et al. (1999). "Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the human serine/threonine kinase Akt-3". Eur. J. Biochem. 265 (1): 353–60. DOI:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00774.x. PMID 10491192.
- Murthy SS, Tosolini A, Taguchi T, Testa JR (2000). "Mapping of AKT3, encoding a member of the Akt/protein kinase B family, to human and rodent chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 88 (1–2): 38–40. DOI:10.1159/000015481. PMID 10773662.
- Meucci O, Fatatis A, Simen AA, Miller RJ (2000). "Expression of CX3CR1 chemokine receptors on neurons and their role in neuronal survival". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (14): 8075–80. DOI:10.1073/pnas.090017497. PMC 16672. PMID 10869418. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16672.
- Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA Cloning Using In Vitro Site-Specific Recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. DOI:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=310948.
- Zauli G, Milani D, Mirandola P, et al. (2001). "HIV-1 Tat protein down-regulates CREB transcription factor expression in PC12 neuronal cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterase pathway". FASEB J. 15 (2): 483–91. DOI:10.1096/fj.00-0354com. PMID 11156964.
- Kapasi AA, Fan S, Singhal PC (2001). "Role of 14-3-3epsilon, c-Myc/Max, and Akt phosphorylation in HIV-1 gp 120-induced mesangial cell proliferation". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280 (2): F333–42. PMID 11208609.
- Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, et al. (2001). "Toward a Catalog of Human Genes and Proteins: Sequencing and Analysis of 500 Novel Complete Protein Coding Human cDNAs". Genome Res. 11 (3): 422–35. DOI:10.1101/gr.GR1547R. PMC 311072. PMID 11230166. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=311072.
- Sandirasegarane L, Kester M (2001). "Enhanced stimulation of Akt-3/protein kinase B-gamma in human aortic smooth muscle cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 283 (1): 158–63. DOI:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4739. PMID 11322783.
- Brodbeck D, Hill MM, Hemmings BA (2001). "Two splice variants of protein kinase B gamma have different regulatory capacity depending on the presence or absence of the regulatory phosphorylation site serine 472 in the carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (31): 29550–8. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M104633200. PMID 11387345.
- Mende I, Malstrom S, Tsichlis PN, et al. (2001). "Oncogenic transformation induced by membrane-targeted Akt2 and Akt3". Oncogene 20 (32): 4419–23. DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1204486. PMID 11466625.
- Zinda MJ, Johnson MA, Paul JD, et al. (2001). "AKT-1, -2, and -3 are expressed in both normal and tumor tissues of the lung, breast, prostate, and colon". Clin. Cancer Res. 7 (8): 2475–9. PMID 11489829.
- Laine J, Künstle G, Obata T, Noguchi M (2002). "Differential regulation of Akt kinase isoforms by the members of the TCL1 oncogene family". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (5): 3743–51. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M107069200. PMID 11707444.
- Deregibus MC, Cantaluppi V, Doublier S, et al. (2002). "HIV-1-Tat protein activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ AKT-dependent survival pathways in Kaposi's sarcoma cells". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (28): 25195–202. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M200921200. PMID 11994280.
- Hodgkinson CP, Sale EM, Sale GJ (2002). "Characterization of PDK2 activity against protein kinase B gamma". Biochemistry 41 (32): 10351–9. DOI:10.1021/bi026065r. PMID 12162751.
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https://wn.com/AKT3
Human Genome Organisation
The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) is an organization involved in the Human Genome Project, a project about mapping the human genome. HUGO was established in 1989 as an international organization, primarily to foster collaboration between genome scientists around the world. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), sometimes referred to as "HUGO", is one of HUGO's most active committees and aims to assign a unique gene name and symbol to each human gene.
History
HUGO was established in late April 1988 at the first meeting dedicated to genome mapping at Cold Spring Harbor. The idea of starting the organization stemmed from a South African biologist by the name of Sydney Brenner, who is known for his significant contributions to work on the genetic code and other areas of molecular biology, as well as winning the Nobel prize in Physiology of Medicine in 2002. A Founding Council was elected at the meeting that total 42 scientists from 17 different countries. HUGO is grounded in Geneva Switzerland, and later went on to elect an additional 178 members, bringing the total up to 220.
Podcasts:
-
by Soundtracks (other tracks) soundtrack
-
by Uriah Heep
-
by Akon
-
by Band
-
by Kris Allen
-
by Jarboe
-
by S Club 8
-
by D.A.D.
-
by S Club Juniors
-
by Light in the Piazza Soundtrack
-
by Miss Saigon Soundtrack
-
by Cheek
-
by Carl Wayne
-
by John Barrowman
Why God Why
by: Soundtracks (other tracks) soundtrack(KIM leads CHRIS out of the Club, and into a tiny cubicle, which has in it
only a bed, a table, and a small window overlooking the moonlit city.
Later in the night, CHRIS is dressed and standing at the window. KIM is
asleep. Outside, Saigon still bustles.)
CHRIS
why does Saigon never sleep at night?
why does this girl smell of orange trees?
how can I feel good when nothing's right?
why is she cool when there is no breeze?
Vietnam
you don't give answers, do you friend?
just questions that don't ever end
why God? Why today?
I'm all through here, on my way
there's nothing left here that I'll miss
why send me now a night like this?
who is the girl in this rusty bed?
why am I back in a filthy room?
why is her voice ringing in my head?
why am I high on her cheap perfume?
Vietnam
hey look I mean you no offense
but why does nothing here make sense?
why God? Show your hand
why can't one guy understand?
I've been with girls who knew much more
I never felt confused before
why me? What's your plan?
I can't help her, no one can
I liked my mem'ries as they were
but now I'll leave rememb'ring her
(CHRIS leaves some money on a table and goes out into the street. CHRIS
is accosted by Vietnamese who beg for help leaving the country. He
pushes them.)
when I went home before
no one talked of the war
what they knew from TV
didn't have a thing to do with me
I went back and re-upped
sure Saigon is corrupt
it felt better to be
here driving for the embassy
'cause here if you can pull a string
a guy like me lives like a king
just as long as you don't believe anything
(CHRIS stops, then goes back into KIM'S room.)
why God? Why this face?
why such beauty in this place?
I liked my mem'ries as they were
but now I'll leave rememb'ring her
just her