The Mortality Medical Data System (MMDS) is used to automate the entry, classification, and retrieval of cause-of-death information reported on death certificates throughout the United States and in many other countries. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) began the system's development in 1967.
The system has facilitated the standardization of mortality information within the United States, and ACME has become the de facto international standard for the automated selection of the underlying cause of death from multiple conditions listed on a death certificate. (Johansson & Westerling 2002:302)
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System Components [link]
The MMDS system consists of the following components, and is itself part of the National Vital Statistics System.
MICAR [link]
There are two Mortality Medical Indexing, Classification, and Retrieval components.
- SuperMICAR automates the MICAR data entry process. This program is designed as an enhancement of the earlier PC-MICAR Data Entry program. Super-MICAR is designed to automatically encode cause-of-death data into numeric entity reference numbers.
- MICAR200 automates the multiple cause coding rules and assigns International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) codes to each numeric entity reference number.
ACME [link]
The Automated Classification of Medical Entities program automates the underlying cause-of-death coding rules. The input to ACME is the multiple cause-of-death codes (ICD) assigned to each entity (e.g., disease condition, accident, or injury) listed on cause-of-death certifications, preserving the location and order as reported by the certifier. ACME then applies the World Health Organization (WHO) rules to the ICD codes and selects an underlying cause of death. ACME has become the de facto international standard for the automated selection of the underlying cause of death. (Johansson & Westerling 2002:302)
TRANSAX [link]
The TRANSlation of Axis program converts the ACME output data into fixed format and translates the data into a more desirable statistical form using the linkage provisions of the ICD. TRANSAX creates the data necessary for person-based tabulations by translating the axis of classification from an entity basis to a record basis.
See also [link]
- Vital statistics
- Nosology
- International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
References [link]
- About the Mortality Medical Data System
- Johansson, L. A.; Westerling, R. (2002), "Comparing hospital discharge records with death certificates: Can the differences be explained?", Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 56: 301–308, https://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/56/4/301
- U.S. National Vital Statistics System
https://wn.com/Mortality_Medical_Data_System
Health
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete" Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction. Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications, including the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the components of health. Health is that balanced condition of the living organism in which the integral, harmonious performance of the vital functions tends to the preservation of the organism and the normal development of the individual.
Health (gaming)
Health is an attribute assigned to entities within a role-playing or video game that indicates its state in combat. Health is usually measured in health points or hit points, often shortened as HP. When the HP of a player character reaches zero, the player may lose a life or their character might become incapacitated or die. When the HP of an enemy reaches zero, the player might be rewarded in some way.
Any entity within a game could have a health value, including the player character, non-player characters and objects. Indestructible entities have no diminishable health value.
Health might be displayed as a numeric value, such as "50/100". Here, the first number indicates the current amount of HP an entity has and the second number indicates the entity's maximum HP. In video games, health can also be displayed graphically, such as with a bar that empties itself when an entity loses health (a health bar), icons that are "chipped away" from, or in more novel ways.
History
Dungeons & Dragons co-creator Dave Arneson described the origin of hit points in a 2002 interview. When Arneson was adapting the medieval wargame Chainmail (1971) to a fantasy setting, a process that with Gary Gygax would lead to Dungeons & Dragons, he saw that the emphasis of the gameplay was moving from large armies to small groups of heroes and eventually to the identification of one player and one character that is essential to role-playing as it was originally conceived. Players became attached to their heroes and did not want them to die every time they lost a die roll. Players were thus given multiple hit points which were incrementally decreased as they took damage. Arneson took the concept, along with armor class, from a set of a naval American Civil War game's rules.
Health (journal)
Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine is a bimonthly peer-reviewed healthcare journal that covers research in the fields of health and the social sciences. The journal was established in 1997 with Alan Radley Loughborough University) as founding editor and is published by SAGE Publications.
Abstracting and indexing
Health is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2013 impact factor is 1.324, ranking it 70 out of 136 journals in the category "Public, Environmental & Occupational Health (SSCI)" and 18 out of 37 journals in the category "Social Sciences, Biomedical".
References
External links
Acme (steamboat)
The steamboat Acme operated on Lake Washington and also on the Sammamish Slough to Bothell, Washington from 1899 to 1910, when it was destroyed by fire.
Construction and design
Acme was built in Seattle in 1899 on the Lake Washington shore. The builders were Gustavus V. Johnson (1845-1926) & Son. Gustavus V. Johnson was a Civil War veteran, who had been born in Clayton County, New York and who had established a boat building business on Lake Minnetonka in Minnesota. He and his son Mark ran one of the earliest boatyards on Lake Washington (established 1888). In addition to Acme, they built vessels such as L.T. Haas and City of Renton.
Acme was built of wood and was 60 ft (18.29 m) long, with a beam of 11.5 ft (3.51 m) and depth of hold of 3 ft (0.91 m). The overall size of the vessel was 31 gross and 21 registered tons. The official U.S. registry number was 107460.Acme has been described as a tug.
Operation
Acme was operated between Leschi and Madison parks and Bothell, Washington by N.C. Peterson. The vessel was used to service Leschi and Madison parks for one year, and thereafter being sold to the Bothell Transportation Company for use on the Bothell run.Acme was also under the ownership of John L. Anderson, one of the most important figures in steamboat navigation on Lake Washington. In 1906, Acme was making twice-daily trips from Madison Park to Bothell, a distance of 22 miles (35 km) from Seattle.
Acme (1876)
The Acme was a wooden top sail schooner that was driven ashore at Seal Rocks, New South Wales while carrying timber from Camden Haven to Sydney under the command of Captain James Henry Jackson on the 15 July 1876. There were no casualties.
The wreck has not been located, but the approximate coordinates of the wreck site are 32°27′S 152°32′E / 32.45°S 152.54°ECoordinates: 32°27′S 152°32′E / 32.45°S 152.54°E.
References
Further reading
Online Database's
Australian National Shipwreck Database
Australian Shipping - Arrivals and Departures 1788-1968 including shipwrecks
Encyclopaedia of Australian Shipwrecks - New South Wales Shipwrecks
Books
Acme (album)
ACME is the sixth studio album by the American punk blues group Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, released on Matador in 1998.
'Talk About the Blues' music video
In late 1998 a music video for the fifth track in the album was released in the MTV channel. The video, directed by Evan Bernard, features movie actors Winona Ryder, Giovanni Ribisi and John C. Reilly as the Blues Explosion, with the actual band members acting in several scenes inspired by classic detective films.
