A5/1

A5/1 is a stream cipher used to provide over-the-air communication privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard. It is one of seven algorithms which were specified for GSM use. It was initially kept secret, but became public knowledge through leaks and reverse engineering. A number of serious weaknesses in the cipher have been identified.

History and usage

A5/1 is used in Europe and the United States. A5/2 was a deliberate weakening of the algorithm for certain export regions. A5/1 was developed in 1987, when GSM was not yet considered for use outside Europe, and A5/2 was developed in 1989. Though both were initially kept secret, the general design was leaked in 1994 and the algorithms were entirely reverse engineered in 1999 by Marc Briceno from a GSM telephone. In 2000, around 130 million GSM customers relied on A5/1 to protect the confidentiality of their voice communications; by 2011, it was 4 billion..

Security researcher Ross Anderson reported in 1994 that "there was a terrific row between the NATO signal intelligence agencies in the mid-1980s over whether GSM encryption should be strong or not. The Germans said it should be, as they shared a long border with the Warsaw Pact; but the other countries didn't feel this way, and the algorithm as now fielded is a French design."

Podcasts:

PLAYLIST TIME:

Fast Lane

by: E-40

(E-40)
[Verse 1]:
Livin' the life in the quick lane
Only the strong can survive
These streets'll swallow you up man
and eat you alive
Cain't be no poodle
Run tuck yo tail and hide
They'll spaghetti yo noodle man
Element of Surprise
It's goin' around man!
Death in the air
Better not be scared
Cause ay-henas can smell fear
It's not a lot of love but it's a whole lot of hate
Beware of your surroundings
They starving, they ain't
The lake of fire awaits for those with no souls
Hot like a stove
Hotter than hot coals
That's the thought processer of soil soldier
6's on the note and postholer, spinach and yola
I'm talking realer dope money this hustla making
(E-40)
[Hook]:
I'm deep off in this game
Wherever money and I get to it (whatchu living?)
In the fast lane [x8]
[Verse 2]:
Looking up with greenbacks on your mind is a good sign
My name ringing like a high school bell, like a church chime
This ain't chameleon, but go get a glass of wine
Listen to me preach my rhyme, sit back and recline
I'm too real to be unreal to truthful to be fake
Daddy and mommy when they separate ways when I was eight
But it made me great, more stronger and God willing
A few years later, I'm worth a few million
Top billion, killin em with my independent grip
Got rid of my digital scale and started making hits
Flipping all kind of whips visits cutlass and Lexus's
Me and the Clickers St. Charles, God was blessing us
Successfulness, all praises due to Allah
Jesus Jehovah the most highest almighty God
Reverend Therman them other Therman I miss you much
I know you up in heaven watching over us
Get back and help people that's what they taught me to do
Can't save the world but I can help save a few
People talk behind my back laugh and smiled all in my face
Saying my voice was too squeaky and my style was a disgrace[Hook]




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