35mm format

The 35mm format, or simply 35mm, is the common name for the 36×24 mm film format or image sensor format used in photography. It has an aspect ratio of 3:2, and a diagonal measurement of approximately 43 mm. It has been employed in countless photographic applications including rangefinder cameras (film and digital), mirrorless digital cameras, digital SLRs, point-and-shoot film cameras, and disposable film cameras.

The format originated with Oskar Barnack and his introduction of the Leica camera in the 1920s. Thus it is sometimes called the Leica format or Barnack format. The name 35mm originates with the total width of the 135 film, the perforated cartridge film which was the primary medium of the format prior to the invention of the full frame DSLR. The term 135 format remains in use. In digital photography, the format has come to be known as full frame, FF or FX, the latter invented as a trade mark of Nikon. Historically the 35mm format was sometimes called miniature format or small format, terms meant to distinguish the it from the middle and large formats.

35 mm film

35 mm film is the film gauge most commonly used for motion pictures and chemical still photography (see 135 film). The name of the gauge refers to the width of the photographic film, which consists of strips 34.98 ±0.03 mm (1.377 ±0.001 inches) wide. The standard negative pulldown for movies ("single-frame" format) is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. For still photography, the standard frame has eight perforations on each side.

A variety of largely proprietary gauges were devised for the numerous camera and projection systems being developed independently in the late 19th century and early 20th century, ranging from 13 mm to 75 mm (0.51–2.95 in), as well as a variety of film feeding systems. This resulted in cameras, projectors, and other equipment having to be calibrated to each gauge. The 35 mm width, originally specified as 1.375 inches, was introduced in 1892 by William Dickson and Thomas Edison, using film stock supplied by George Eastman. Film 35 mm wide with four perforations per frame became accepted as the international standard gauge in 1909, and remained by far the dominant film gauge for image origination and projection until the advent of digital photography and cinematography, despite challenges from smaller and larger gauges, because its size allowed for a relatively good trade-off between the cost of the film stock and the quality of the images captured.

Format

Format may refer to:

Computing:

Format (Common Lisp)

FORMAT is a function in Common Lisp that can produce formatted text using a format string similar to the printf format string. It provides more functionality than printf, allowing the user to output numbers in English, apply certain format specifiers only under certain conditions, iterate over data structures, and output in a tabular format. This functionally originates in MIT's Lisp Machine Lisp, where it was based on Multics ioa_.

Example

An example of a C printf call is the following:

Using Common Lisp, this is equivalent to:

Another example would be to print every element of list delimited with commas, which can be done using the ~{, ~^ and ~} directives:

Note that not only is the list of values iterated over directly by FORMAT, but the commas correctly are printed between items, not after them. A yet more complex example would be printing out a list using customary English phrasing:

Whilst FORMAT is somewhat infamous for its tendency to become opaque and hard to read, it provides a remarkably concise yet powerful syntax for a specialised and common need.

Format (magazine)

Format is a German weekly finance and business magazine published in Austria and headquartered in Vienna.

History and profile

Format was established in 1998. The magazine has its headquarters in Vienna and is published weekly on Fridays. The publisher is the Verlagsgruppe NEWS.Gruner + Jahr has a stake in the magazine.

Format covers topics mainly on business, politics, culture and lifestyles. The magazine also features the views of bankers, trade experts and financiers. One of its former editors-in-chief is Peter Pelinka.

Format had a circulation of 68,000 copies in 2003. Its circulation was 50,000 copies in 2007. The sold circulation of the weekly was 47,155 copies in 2009. Its circulation in 2012 was 31,021 copies. The circulation of the magazine during the first half of 2013 was 39,296 copies.

See also

List of magazines in Austria

References