Xitoy buddizmi
Xitoy buddizmi yoki Xan buddizmi - san'at, siyosat, adabiyot, falsafa, tibbiyot va moddiy madaniyat kabi turli sohalarda Xitoy madaniyatini shakllantirgan Mahayana buddizmining Xitoy shakli. Xitoy buddizmi materik Xitoydagi eng yirik institutsional dindir.[1] Hozirgi vaqtda Xitoy Xalq Respublikasida 185 dan 250 milliongacha xitoylik buddistlar bor.[1] Bundan tashqari, Tayvan, Singapur va Malayziyada, shuningdek, Xitoy diasporasi orasida asosiy din hisoblanadi.[2]
Buddizm Xitoyga birinchi marta Xan sulolasi davrida (miloddan avvalgi 202-220) kirib kelgan. Hind buddist yozuvlarning katta qismini xitoy tiliga tarjima qilish va bu tarjimalarning (Taoistik va konfutsiy asarlari bilan bir qatorda) xitoylik buddist qonuniga kiritilishi buddizmning Sharqiy Osiyo madaniy sohalarida, shu jumladan Koreyada tarqalishiga katta taʼsir koʻrsatdi. Xitoy buddizmi buddizm tafakkuri va amaliyotining turli xil noyob an'analarini, jumladan Tiantay, Huayan, Chan buddizmi va Sof yer buddizmini ishlab chiqdi.
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Xitoyda buddizmning vujudga kelishi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Buddist missionerlar buddizmni Xitoyga Xan sulolasi davrida (miloddan avvalgi 202 - miloddan avvalgi 220) olib kela boshladilar va bu din Xitoyda umumiy davrning boshida mavjud edi.[2][4][5] Buddist missionerlar quruqlikdagi Oʻrta Osiyo Ipak yoʻlidan ham, dengiz yoʻllaridan ham foydalanganlar.[6] Dastlab buddizm noto'g'ri tushunilgan va ko'pincha daoizm bilan almashib ketgan va aralashgan.[7] Xitoyliklar ikki din o'rtasida juda ko'p o'xshashliklarni ko'rdilar.[8]
Dastlabki missionerlarning asosiy vazifalaridan biri buddist matnlarini tarjima qilish edi. Buddist matnlarining xitoy tiliga saqlanib qolgan birinchi tarjimalari 2-asrda Parfiya An Shigao ( 安世高 ) tarjimalari boʻlgan. ), Luoyang poytaxtida ishlagan. Uning ishidan soʻng kushonlik rohib Lokakṣemaning ( 支婁迦讖 keng qamrovli Mahayana tarjimalari paydo boʻldi. shuningdek, Dxarmaraksa (3-asr).[9][10]
Ushbu dastlabki davrda Dxarmaguptaka maktabi Xitoyda buddizmni o'rnatishda juda ta'sirli edi.[11] Bu barcha Xitoy buddist maktablari tomonidan Dxarmaguptaka maktabining Vinaya (monastir boshqaruvi) keng qabul qilinishiga olib keldi .
Kuchan olimi Kumarajivaning (334-413) kelishi muhim voqea bo'ldi. Oldingi tarjimonlardan farqli o'laroq, Kumarajīva davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan va unga milliy ustoz unvoni berilgan.[12] Uning ko'plab yuqori sifatli tarjimalari Xitoy buddizmiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. U, shuningdek, keyinchalik Sanlun ("Uch risola maktabi") deb ataladigan buddist falsafaning Madhyamaka maktabini joriy etgani bilan mashhurdir.[13] Uning ishi, shuningdek, ilgari Daoizm falsafasining kuchli ta'siri ostida bo'lgan.
Bu davrning yana bir muhim tarjimoni Paramārtha ( milodiy 499-569). Paramarta oʻzining xitoylik shogirdlari jamoasi bilan Abhidxarma, Yogasara falsafasi va boshqa Mahayana matnlari boʻyicha koʻplab asarlarni tarjima qilgan.
Bu maqola birorta turkumga qoʻshilmagan. Iltimos, maqolaga aloqador turkumlar qoʻshib yordam qiling. (Aprel 2024) |
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Cook, Sarah (2017). The Battle for China's Spirit: Religious Revival, Repression, and Resistance under Xi Jinping. Freedom House Report. Rowman & Littlefield.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Poceski, Mario. "Chinese Buddhism" in The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions (pp. 197-218) edited Randall L. Nadeau. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
- ↑ "Maritime Buddhism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 20 December 2018. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638. ISBN 9780199340378. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638. Qaraldi: 30 May 2021.
- ↑ {{{title}}}. 华语教学出版社. Sinolingua., 2010 — 64 bet. ISBN 978-7-80200-985-1. „公元1世纪———传入中国内地,与汉文化交融,形成汉传佛教。“
- ↑ Chün-fang Yü (2020). Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History, p. 14. University of Hawaii Press
- ↑ Maspero 1981, pp. 401-405.
- ↑ Chün-fang Yü (2020). Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History, p. 15. University of Hawaii Press
- ↑ Maspero 1981, p. 409
- ↑ Williams, Paul. Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. 2008. p. 30
- ↑ Chün-fang Yü (2020). Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History, p. 18. University of Hawaii Press
- ↑ Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. pp. 280–281
- ↑ Chün-fang Yü (2020). Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History, p. 22. University of Hawaii Press
- ↑ Mair, Victor H.; Sanping Chen, Wood, Frances (2013). Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization, #28, Kumarajiva. Thames & Hudson.