Papers by Andrzej Sztando
During the early days of the field of entrepreneurship research, entrepreneurial activity was tak... more During the early days of the field of entrepreneurship research, entrepreneurial activity was taken as a sequenced process, derived from planning, and carried out by individuals with innate capabilities. Since the rise of newly emerging approaches to entrepreneurship, such as effectuation and bricolage, the entrepreneurial process has come to be perceived differently. This article aims to introduce and discuss the contextual aspects of entrepreneurship, prioritising this paradigmatic shift. A survey with data on the entrepreneurial environment in Brazil, an emerging economy with a complex and tumultuous economic context, was conducted. It was observed that the COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated difficulties already encountered in access to resources by Brazilian entrepreneurs, as well as catapulted the registration of need-based ventures. The article provides new insights to the discussion regarding the need to understand entrepreneurship as a contextual phenomenon.
![Research paper thumbnail of Czy modele oraz ustalenia i rekomendacje prawidłowo integrują zarządzanie przestrzenią z zarządzaniem strategicznym rozwojem gmin? Potrzebne korekty przepisów i działania edukacyjne. [Do the models, arrangements and recommendations properly integrate spatial management with the strategic...]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97435023/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Streszczenie:
Jednym z kluczowych warunków skutecznego zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem gmin ... more Streszczenie:
Jednym z kluczowych warunków skutecznego zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem gmin jest zintegrowanie z nim zarządzania przestrzenią. Mimo wieloletnich postulatów, kompleksowe regulacje temu służące przyjęto dopiero w 2020 r., w ramach pierwszego etapu reformy systemu zarządzania rozwojem kraju. Do prawa samorządowego wprowadzono strategię rozwoju gminy, a jej obowiązkowymi częściami uczyniono model struktury funkcjonalno-przestrzennej oraz ustalenia i wytyczne w zakresie kształtowania i prowadzenia polityki przestrzennej. Miały być one wyznacznikami dla gminnych narzędzi zarządzania przestrzenią. Celem przeprowadzonych badań była weryfikacja, czy w praktyce przepisy nt. modeli oraz ustaleń i rekomendacji satysfakcjonująco wspierają tę integrację. Zastosowano w nich metody badawcze analizy aktów prawnych, podobieństw i przyczynowo-skutkową, a także wywiadów pogłębionych. Wykorzystano także wyniki wieloletnich obserwacji uczestniczących. Badania wykazały, że w istotnej części gmin przepisy te nie działają zgodnie z intencją ustawodawcy, co prowadzi do dysfunkcji integracji, a potencjalnie do spowolnienia rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy jest ich niewystarczająca szczegółowość oraz za niski poziom kultury zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem, charakteryzujący część władz i menedżmentu gmin. W części postulatywnej artykułu zaproponowano zatem korekty przedmiotowych przepisów, odnosząc je do przygotowywanej obecnie reformy planowania przestrzennego. Nakreślono także niezbędne działania na rzecz podnoszenia wspomnianej kultury. Artykuł kończą argumenty za kontynuacją badań, zarówno w przedstawionym obszarze, jak i w innych obszarach zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem gmin.
Summary:
[One of the key conditions for effective strategic governance of the communes development is the integration of spatial management with it. Despite many years of postulates, comprehensive regulations serving this purpose were adopted in Poland only in 2020, as part of the first stage of the reform of the country’s development governance system. A commune development strategy was introduced into the self-government law, and a model of the functional and spatial structure as well as arrangements and guidelines for shaping and conducting spatial policy were made its obligatory parts. They were to be determinants for communal space management tools. The purpose of the conducted research was to verify whether in practice the regulations on models, arrangements and recommendations satisfactorily support this integration. Research methods of legal acts analysis, similarities analysis and cause-and-effect analysis, as well as in-depth interviews were used in them. The results of long-term participant observations were also used. Research has shown that in a significant part of communes these regulations do not work in accordance with the intention of the legislator, which leads to integration dysfunctions and potentially to a slowdown in socio-economic development. The reason for this state of affairs is their insufficient depth and the low level of the culture of strategic development governance, which characterizes some of the authorities and management of communes. Therefore, in the postulative part of the article, corrections of the regulations in question were proposed, referring them to the currently prepared spatial planning reform. It also outlines the necessary actions to raise above aforementioned culture. The article ends with arguments for the continuation of research in the presented and other areas of strategic governance of the communes development.]
![Research paper thumbnail of Wyzwania systemowej integracji zarządzania przestrzenią z zarządzaniem strategicznym rozwojem w wymiarach lokalnym, subregionalnym i regionalnym [Challenges of systemic integration of spatial management with strategic development management in the local, subregional and regional dimensions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/77581239/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Samorząd Terytorialny, 2021
Samorządowe zarządzanie strategiczne rozwojem społeczno-gospodarczym i przestrzenno-środowiskowym... more Samorządowe zarządzanie strategiczne rozwojem społeczno-gospodarczym i przestrzenno-środowiskowym w wymiarach lokalnym, subregionalnym oraz regionalnym upowszechnia się w Polsce już od trzech dekad. Wciąż jeszcze charakteryzuje je jednak wiele niedoskonałości, w tym niesatysfakcjonujące skuteczność i efektywność. Słaba integracja z nim zarządzania przestrzenią to jedna z głównych, trwających wiele lat przyczyn tej sytuacji. W 2020 r., w ramach pierwszego etapu reformy zarządzania rozwojem kraju, rozpoczęto jednak jej systemowe pogłębianie. Proces ten wyznaczył nowe potrzeby badawcze w zakresie identyfikacji wyzwań tej integracji, rozumianych jako jej główne problemy i zagrożenia, a także w zakresie konceptualizacji sposobów sprostania im. Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań o takich celach. Zastosowano w nich strategię badawczą analizy systemowej i wykorzystano metody badawcze analizy aktów prawnych, przyczynowo-skutkowej oraz komparatywnej. Użyto także wyników wieloletnich obserwacjach uczestniczących. Wśród zidentyfikowanych wyzwań znalazły się wyzwania interpretacji i hierarchizacji dyspozycyjnych części relacji integracji, wyzwania oceny i redukcji tych relacji na poziomie regionalnym, a także wyzwania doboru siły integracji i podnoszenia kultury gminnego zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem, przy czym te ostatnie uznano za najważniejsze. Wobec każdego z tych wyzwań sformułowano rekomendacje działań adresowane do władz państwowych i samorządowych oraz do środowiska akademickiego. Artykuł kończą argumenty za kontynuacją badań także po zakończeniu
omawianej integracji, zwłaszcza badań ewaluacyjnych.
[Self-government strategic management of socio-economic and spatial-environmental development in the local, subregional and regional dimensions has been becoming increasingly widespread in Poland for three decades. However, it still has numerous imperfections, including unsatisfactory effectiveness and efficiency. Poor integration of spatial management with it is one of the main reasons for this situation, which has lasted many years. However, it started to get deeper systemically in 2020 as part of the first stage of the reform of the country’s development management. This process set new research needs for the identification of the challenges of this integration, understood as its main problems and threats, as well as for conceptualizing the ways of satisfying them. This article presents the results of the research with such objectives. It applies the research strategy of system analysis and uses the research methods of analysis of legal acts, as well as a causal and comparative analysis. The results of long-term observation of the participants were also used. The challenges that were identified included the challenges of interpreting and prioritizing the instructional parts of the integration relationship, the challenges of assessing and reducing these relationships at regional level, and the challenges of
selecting the strength of integration and raising the culture of municipal strategic development management, whereby the last of these was considered the most important. Recommendations for action are formulated in the light of each of these challenges, which were addressed to the state and territorial self-government authorities, as well as the academic community. The article ends with arguments in favour of continuing the research even after the integration in question ends, particularly evaluation studies.]
The absorption of exogenous factors represents one of the main components of local development go... more The absorption of exogenous factors represents one of the main components of local development governance (LDG). Today, in many countries, it is facilitated by numerous supra-local determinants. It primarily refers to these countries where local governments take advantage of the financial support of the EU. This absorption, however, experiences occasional failures which have various reasons and effects. The article presents the results of research in this subject matter conducted in Poland. They were carried out in two phases. The first covered participant observations performed in the period 2000-2014 in 61 Polish municipalities, aimed at the identification of the a.n. failures characteristics and their typical patterns. The second focused on determining the prevalence and reasons for these patterns occurrence in local development governance of Polish small towns. Long personal interviews, conducted in 2014 with the mayors of 46 such towns, were used in its course. The article is concluded with recommendations related to the improvement of local and supra-local governance of local development and focused on the reduction of the number and consequences of absorption failures.
The system transformation of the 1990s for the majority of Polish small towns (STs) meant deep, u... more The system transformation of the 1990s for the majority of Polish small towns (STs) meant deep, unfavourable changes in the supralocal conditions of their local development (LD). As a result, they were affected by many negative phenomena. The COVID-19 pandemic has started socio-economic changes, the current predominant assessment of which is negative. Nevertheless, for Polish STs, instead of short-term reworsening their supra-local situation, these changes may turn out to be beneficial in the longer term. The article presents the expectations and observations of authorities in the field of pandemic-induced changes in the relations between their STs and the supralocal environment, as well as the planned, strategic reactions. The results of the research allowed conclusion that the changes in question in combination with the planned reactions have a significant stimulating potential in terms of LD. The article ends with recommendations for the use of information contained in the post-pandemic strategic governance of STs, in creating anti-crisis policies of states and in teaching practice.
Czy małe miasta skorzystają? Spodziewane zmiany ponadlokalnych relacji polskich małych miast wywołane pandemią COVID-19 oraz planowane reakcje na nie w ponadlokalnej perspektywie zarządzania strategicznego ich rozwojem lokalnym.
Transformacja systemowa lat 90. dla większości polskich małych miast oznaczała głębokie, niekorzystne zmiany ponadlokalnych uwarunkowań ich rozwoju lokalnego. W efekcie zostały one dotknięte wieloma negatywnymi zjawiskami. Pandemia COVID-19 rozpoczęła zmiany społeczno-gospodarcze, których obecna, dominująca ocena jest negatywna. Niemniej dla polskich małych miast, mimo krótkotrwałego ponownego pogorszenia ich ponadlokalnej sytuacji, zmiany te, w dłużej perspektywie czasowej, mogą okazać się korzystne. Artykuł prezentuje zidentyfikowane oczekiwania i obserwacje władz w zakresie, pandemicznych zmian relacji łączących ich małe miasta z ponadlokalnym otoczeniem, a także planowane reakcje strategiczne. Wyniki badań doprowadziły do wniosku, że wspomniane zmiany, w połączeniu z planowanymi reakcjami, mają znaczący potencjał stymulacyjny w zakresie rozwoju lokalnego. Artykuł kończą zalecenia wykorzystania zawartych w nim informacji w popandemicznym zarządzaniu strategicznym rozwojem małych miast, w kreowaniu antykryzysowych polityk państw, a także w dydaktyce.
Sustainability, 2020
All companies in agribusiness supply chains need to be aware of the best use of available resourc... more All companies in agribusiness supply chains need to be aware of the best use of available resources, which demands an integrated assessment of environmental, economic and social aspects, i.e., the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). Such analysis allows us to get a more balanced and complete understanding of the real performance of companies, supply chains and industries. Companies in the upstream of agribusinesses supply chains present some limitations, but can contribute significantly to the overall sustainability of the entire value chain. The objective of this research was to understand the role of the drivers of sustainability in dairy farming from a TBL perspective, such as assistance to producers and the value chain, and the use of better technology and management practices. A sample of 54 rural farms in the dairy supply chain of the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil, was used to test four hypotheses about what can drive sustainability. Furthermore, first-and second-order structural equation models using SMART PLS software were used for the analysis of the data. The results obtained show that social sustainability is positively influenced by the use of good management practices, and the latter, as well as public policies, positively influence economic sustainability. Furthermore, it was found that improvements in production techniques positively influence environmental sustainability, and this is mostly influenced by the use of good management practices, and less so by policies directed at the supply chain. Finally, from the analysis of the second-order variable for sustainability, it was highlighted that the economic dimension prevails in the eyes of the farmers, as the main dimension of sustainability, and that environmental aspects are still neglected.
The article is devoted to the issue of stimulating local development (LD). Its purpose is to pres... more The article is devoted to the issue of stimulating local development (LD). Its purpose is to present contemporary expectations of small town authorities towards the Polish state’s local development policy. The introductory part is devoted to the key categories: LD and local development policy. The desirable features of the state’s local development policy were also discussed. The identified expectations were divided into main groups: stopping activities interpreted as limiting territorial self-governance, changing the distribution of aid funds, the multidimensional reform of the self-government finance system, as well as improving the municipal instruments to stimulate LD. Within each group, specific expectations identified were discussed. An additional group of other expectations, characterized by a high level of diversity, was also distinguished and discussed. The research was carried out using a diagnostic survey method with the standardized long personal interview technique in 2019.
Dear international researchers. I’m looking for possibilities to deliver guest/visiting lectures ... more Dear international researchers. I’m looking for possibilities to deliver guest/visiting lectures at Universities all over the world and to develop international research cooperation in area of strategic management of local/regional development. Just read my offer and contact me to discuss how we can develop research cooperation fruitful for science and us.
Regional Development and Planing, 2010
The article is devoted to problems of pro-innovative strategic planning in a commune. Its introdu... more The article is devoted to problems of pro-innovative strategic planning in a commune. Its introductory part discusses notions of innovation, innovativeness, local economy and communal development strategy. Next the reasons and the idea of constructing local economy innovation, by local self-government, is presented. The main body of the article includes information regarding mechanisms for creating absorption capacity and generating innovation by local economy in the context of communal strategic planning. Overall theoretical considerations are illustrated by presenting fragments of development plans for the Polish commune of Polkowice which the author considers as the example of correct strategic construction referring to local economy innovation.
![Research paper thumbnail of Ponadlokalna perspektywa zarzadzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym na przykładzie małych miast [Supra-local perspective of local development strategic governance based on the case of small towns - LARGE ENGLISH PRESENTATION OF BOOK'S CONTENT].](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55537479/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The presented book is devoted to local development and its governance by forming, on the strategi... more The presented book is devoted to local development and its governance by forming, on the strategic level, the relationships connecting municipalities with supralocal, i.e. regional, national and global milieu. It is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter constitutes the theoretical and conceptual foundation of the entire study. It discusses the crucial concepts used, such as Fordism and Post-Fordism, localism and new localism, localness and a local system, socio-economic development and sustainable development, as well as the relationships and the historical background of the evolution of these concepts. It also presents the definitions of local development included in the world literature, as well as two new approaches to local development created by the author – the local and supralocal one. These approaches were discussed in the model, process (dynamic) and structural (static) oriented variants. Next the author’s original typology of supralocal relationships of the local systems, which determine local development, was presented. Within its framework the relationships of valorisation and animation were identified as favourable for the local development, and also the relationships of suppression and depreciation as unfavourable for such development.
The second chapter discusses the implementation of local development concept. First the essence and the entities of local and supralocal policies of local development were presented. Next the reader’s attention was directed towards the issue of municipal governance of local development presenting it as the component of public governance. The mechanism of local development formation by the local authorities, using the instruments at their disposal, was also explained. It was followed by presenting the motives and the concept of strategic approach in the municipal governance of local development, showing them as an alternative for an administrative approach. Next the new, author’s category of supralocal perspective of municipal strategic governance of local development was defined. It consists of the characteristics of this governance related to supralocal relationships of a local system defined as exogenous utilitarianness, neo-endogenous absorptivity, protectiveness, retentionness and supralocal easementing, as well as the relevant activities of the local authorities.
The third chapter presents the analysis results of contemporary, world studies on supralocal relationships of local systems and their formation. On its basis the general research problem was identified and described, consisting in the insufficiency of knowledge in this matter despite the theoretical and practical rationale of having it. It was followed by presenting the reasons for which it is indispensable to carry out pilot, subject specific studies covering the selected group of local authorities and aimed at solving the fragment of this problem. The authorities of Polish small towns were selected as such a group. Next the supralocal reasons of contemporary socioeconomic situations of these towns were described in detail along with the interest in their supralocal relationships of science, local governments, supralocal authorities, business environments and the residents of these towns. Further part of this chapter presents the research goals, objects, strategy, methods and techniques, as well as the information sources. The adopted primary research goals were the identification of the characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development strategic governance of small towns, followed by enunciating the general characteristics of this perspective. The adopted secondary research goals were marking improvement methods of this governance perspective out along with the verification of usefulness of the selected information sources, research methods and techniques in diagnosing it.
The local authorities of 369 Polish towns with the residents’ number ranging from 5 to 20 thousand constituted the research population. The applied research method was a diagnostic survey using the technique of long personal interview, the method of content analysis using the encoding technique and the method of qualitative field research using the participant observation technique. The following information sources were adopted: town mayors, local development strategies and the groups of people playing key roles in the construction and implementation of these strategies. All the methods, techniques and sources were combined in accordance with triangulation research strategy. The chapter was completed with the description of the research questions and tools used and the report of the course of conducted research. The research results are presented in chapter four. It contains the detailed information how the studied authorities perceive the importance of particular supralocal relationships of their towns and their own roles in these relationships formation. It also includes information about the relationships which are mainly affected by exogenous utilitarianness, absorptivity, protectiveness and retentionness of strategic governance carried out by the analysed authorities, about the instruments used in this area and also about the positionality, neo-endogeneity and supralocal easementing of such governance. The provided information was illustrated by several comprehensive tables and several dozens graphs.
Based on the above information, the general characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development governance of Polish small towns is presented in the last, fifth chapter. Apart from its main components, i.e. the relationships perceived as strategically significant and formed on the strategic level, its unification was characterized along with its contextual specificity for the supralocal milieu. Fordist and Post-Fordist values dominating in this perspective of governance were also indicated. The impact of supralocal development policies, carried out by Polish state and regional authorities, on this governance, was also discussed. It was all concluded by the assessment of the level of transformation of administrative approach towards local development governance into a strategic one. Next, based on the analysis of legal acts, literature studies and cause and effect analysis the problem specific recommendations were made regarding the improvement of the discussed governance perspective. They were addressed to the analysed authorities, public governance related scientific environment and Polish state authorities. By analysing the course and the results of research the usefulness of methods, techniques and research tools, along with information sources in different, analogical studies, was also shown. The publication was finished with indicating the rationale, directions and methods for the conducted research continuation.
![Research paper thumbnail of Lokalna i ponadlokalne polityki rozwoju lokalnego – istota, rodzaje i spójność. [Local and supra-local policies of local development – the essence, types and cohesion]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55243073/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Problematyka rozwoju lokalnego była wielokrotnie podejmowana w literaturze przedmiotu. Liczne pra... more Problematyka rozwoju lokalnego była wielokrotnie podejmowana w literaturze przedmiotu. Liczne prace poświęcone mu koncentrują się na jego celach, czynnikach, stymulowaniu go i na jego pomiarze. Mimo to, jak dotąd niewiele uwagi poświęcono pojęciu polityki rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonej przez władze lokalne. Kategorii polityk rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonych przez władze ponadlokalne w ogóle nie formułowano i nie omawiano. Polityki takie są jednak prowadzone w Polsce i za granicą, a ich znaczenie rośnie. Istnieje zatem potrzeba ich definiowania i charakteryzowania dla budowy aparatu pojęciowego wykorzystywanego w dyskursie naukowym, w praktyce projektowania i aplikacji tych polityk oraz w dydaktyce.
Artykuł to próba odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie. Otwiera go prezentacja genezy i istoty lokalizmu oraz koncepcji rozwoju lokalnego. Następnie sformułowano pojęcia rozwoju lokalnego postrzeganego z perspektyw lokalnej i ponadlokalnej oraz omówiono paradygmat rozwoju lokalnego, jego znaczenie i pozycje˛ wobec innych paradygmatów rozwoju. Bazując na lokalnej i ponadlokalnej perspektywach rozwoju lokalnego, sformułowano kategorie lokalnej (gminnej) praz ponadlokalnych (regionalnej, państwowej i ponadpaństwowej) polityk rozwoju lokalnego i wskazano podmioty, które je prowadzą. Omówiono także cele i cechy tych polityk, sposoby ich prowadzenia oraz ich pozycje wobec innych polityk funkcjonalnych i horyzontalnych. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono spójności wertykalną i horyzontalną ponadlokalnych polityk rozwoju lokalnego. W artykule wykorzystano metody badawcze krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu, indukcji, dedukcji i analogii.
[The local development issues were repeatedly discussed in the subject literature. Numerous works devoted to it focus on its objectives, factors and its measurement. Despite this, until now, a little attention has been paid to the category of local development policy pursued by local authorities. The categories of local development policies pursued by the supra-local authorities have not been formulated or discussed at all. Nevertheless, such policies are held in Poland and abroad, and their importance is growing. Thus, there is a need for their definement and characterizing for the construction of nomenclature used in academic discourse and in the practice of design and the application of these policies and in didactics as well. The purpose of this article is to answer this challenge. It opens with the presentation of the origin and the nature of localism and the idea of local development. Then the categories of the local development perceived from the local and supra-local perspectives have been formulated, as well as local development paradigm, its meaning and position in relation to other paradigms of development have been described. Based on local and supra-local perspectives of local development, the categories of local (municipal) and supra-local (regional, national and international) policies of local development have been formulated and the entities who pursue them have been pointed. Also the purpose and features of these policies, ways of their pursuing and their positions in relation to other functional and horizontal policies have been described. Next, the vertical and horizontal cohesion of supra-local policies of local development have been presented. The article uses the research methods of critical analysis of the subject literature, induction, deduction and analogy.]
![Research paper thumbnail of Lokalistyczne cechy zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym [Localistic Qualities of Local Development Strategic Governance]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54288706/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gospodarka lokalna i regionalna w teorii i praktyce., 2017
Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem
lokalnym. Zaprezentowan... more Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem
lokalnym. Zaprezentowano w nim wyniki badań mających na celu identyfikację kluczowych własności rozwoju lokalnego wskazywanych w literaturze, wykazanie koncentracji uwagi teorii i praktyki na racjonalistycznych cechach zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym oraz konsekwencji z tego wynikających, a także specyfikacja i omówienie pożądanych, lokalistycznych cech tego zarządzania. Głównymi wykorzystanymi metodami badawczymi była analiza treści literatury źródłowej, przeprowadzona w 2016 roku, oraz obserwacje uczestniczące, przeprowadzone w latach 1998-2017 podczas budowy i wdrażania 79 strategii rozwoju lokalnego 62 polskich gmin. Artykuł kończą definicje zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym, uwzględniające jego, wyspecyfikowane w badaniach, lokalistyczne cechy, a także przesłanki kontynuacji badań nad nimi. [The article is devoted to the problems of local development strategic governance. It discusses research results aimed at the identification of the key features of local development pointed in the subject literature, at the demonstration that the theory and practice is focused on the rationalistic qualities of local development strategic governance and consequences of it, and also at the specification and presentation of the desirable, localistic qualities of this governance. The main research methods used were the content analysis of subject literature, carried out in 2016, and participant observations conducted in the period 1998-2017 in the course of developing and implementing 79 local development strategies of 62 Polish municipalities. The article ends with the definitions of local development strategic governance, taking into account its, specified in research, localistic qualities and also the reasons for continuing research covering them].
![Research paper thumbnail of Współczesne wyzwania państwowej polityki rozwoju lokalnego w świetle oczekiwań władz małych miast [Contemporary Challenges of the State’s Local Development Policy in the Light of Expectations of the Authorities of Small Cities]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53755232/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w połowie 2014 r., mających na celu identyfikacj... more Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w połowie 2014 r., mających na celu identyfikację oczekiwań władz małych miast wobec polskiej państwowej polityki rozwoju lokalnego. Jako źródło informacji o tych oczekiwaniach wybrano grupę 46 burmistrzów małych miast, natomiast jako metodę badawczą zastosowano sondaż diagnostyczny oparty na długim wywiadzie osobistym. Zidentyfikowane oczekiwania dotyczyły reformy systemu stałego finansowania gmin, zmian systemów dystrybucji środków unijnych, wyposażenia samorządów lokalnych w nowe instrumenty oddziaływania na ponadlokalne relacje ich gmin, redukcji antywzorców prowadzenia polityki, usuwania sprzeczności i niejasności prawa, a także zmian zasad funkcjonowania organu stanowiącego i wykonawczego władz lokalnych. Oczekiwania te można i należy traktować jako współczesne wyzwania państwowej polityki rozwoju lokalnego, ponieważ dotyczą one jej gruntownych, wielowymiarowych zmian. Ponadto rozpatrywane łącznie tworzą dla tej polityki wyzwanie, które można określić jako jej współczesne wyzwanie generalne. Jest nim oczekiwanie władz lokalnych, że władze państwowe zwiększą ich podmiotowość w definiowaniu i kreowaniu rozwoju kraju, pogłębiając swoją aprobatę dla paradygmatu rozwoju lokalnego.
[The article presents the results of research carried out in mid-2014 to identify the expectations presented by the authorities of small cities in the light of Polish state local development policy. 46 mayors were selected as the source of information about these expectations and a diagnostic survey based on long personal interviews was chosen as the research method. The expectations concerned the reform of the municipalities’ permanent funding system, changes in the systems governing EU funds distribution, providing local authorities with new instruments for shaping their municipalities’ supra-local relationships, reducing anti-patterns in policy and politics, eliminating contradictions and ambiguities in law, and changes in the rules governing both decisive and executive bodies of local authorities. The expectations discussed should be approached as contemporary challenges for state policy on local development, since the mayors refer to thorough and multidimensional alterations to that policy. Furthermore, if analysed jointly, the expectations constitute a challenge for this policy, which can be referred to as its general contemporary challenge. Local authorities expect that the state government will increase its subjectivity in defining and creating local development by extending its approval for the local development paradigm.]
The article presents how local authorities of Polish small towns perceive and form at the strateg... more The article presents how local authorities of Polish small towns perceive and form at the strategic level, these supra-local relations of their towns, which are connected with local culture. The article begins with key categories explanation: local system (LS), local development (LD), local culture, supra-local relations of local system, local development strategic governance (LDSG) and its supra-local perspective. The next part presents rationale, objects, goals, questions, methods of research and information sources. It is followed by discussing the research results divided into 4 parts, corresponding to types of supra-local relations of local systems and activities for their pro-developmental formation.
The international literature offers a number of motives which should incline local authorities to... more The international literature offers a number of motives which should incline local authorities toward strategic planning of local development; it also emphasizes that they should be strongly motivated to do that. Meanwhile, their actual motivation for such planning can remain low and dominated by motives so far unrecognized in the literature. The article presents research confirming this assumption, conducted in 2014 among the authorities of Polish small towns. The results reveal that the general motivation for strategic planning of local development among 37.7% of the authorities of Polish small towns is low. It also disclosed that the motive for obtaining means from the EU funds (so far unrecognized in literature) was and is motivating strongly at least 68.6% of these authorities for the discussed planning and, moreover, that it is a short-lived motive. The article indicates that this situation may also refer to other local authorities, not just the Polish ones. It also indicates that it is an unintended effect of the dependence of municipal development projects' support by the means from the EU funds on including them in the local development strategy. The final part of the article presents recommendations of actions to rectify such an unfavorable situation and for further studies of planning motives followed by local authorities.
![Research paper thumbnail of Innowacje i innowacyjność lokalna w ponadlokalnej perspektywie zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym małych miast [Innovations and local innovativeness in supra-local perspective of local development strategic governance of small towns]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53665104/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Regiony, metropolie, miasta [Regions, metropolises, cities], 2017
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań, które miały na celu zidentyfikowanie, jak władze polskich... more W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań, które miały na celu zidentyfikowanie, jak władze polskich małych miast postrzegają i kształtują na poziomie strategicznym te ponadlokalne relacje ich miast, które związane są z innowacjami i lokalną innowacyjnością. Badania te przeprowadzono w roku 2014 metodami sondażu diagnostycznego i analizy treści. Wykorzystano w nich także wyniki obserwacji uczestniczących, przeprowadzonych w latach 2010-2014. W początkowej części artykułu wyjaśniono kategorie i procesy kluczowe z punktu widzenia badań, takie jak: rozwój lokalny w obu jego perspektywach, innowacje i ich znaczenie w rozwoju lokalnym, innowacyjność lokalna, ponadlokalne relacje układu lokalnego, zarządzanie rozwojem lokalnym, zarządzanie strategiczne rozwojem lokalnym, ponadlokalna perspektywa tego zarządzania. W dalszej części zaprezentowano przesłanki, obiekty, cele, pytania, metody i techniki badawcze oraz wykorzystane źródła informacji. Następnie przedstawiono wyniki badań, dzieląc je na 4 części odpowiadające relacjom waloryzacji, animacji, supresji i deprecjacji układu lokalnego oraz działaniom prowadzonym w celu ich prorozwojowego kształtowania, wyznaczającym egzogeniczną utylitarność, neoendogeniczną absorpcyjność, protekcyjność i retencyjność zarządzania rozwojem lokalnym. Artykuł kończą wnioski oraz zalecenia co do zmian lokalnych i ponadlokalnych polityk rozwoju, których dokonanie upowszechni i ułatwi proinnowacyjne kształtowanie ponadlokalnych relacji małych miast.
[The article presents the research results whose aim is to identify how local authorities of Polish small towns perceive and form at the strategic level, these supra-local relations of their cities, which are connected with innovations and local innovativeness. The research was conducted in 2014 using diagnostic survey and content analysis methods. In addition, the results of participant observations, conducted in 2010-2014, were used. In the initial part of the article key categories of research field are explained, such as local development in both perspectives, innovations and their role in local development, local innovativeness, supra-local relations of local system, local development governance, local development strategic governance and its supra-local perspective. The next part presents rationale, objects, goals, questions, methods and techniques of research and used sources of information. Then the results of the studies are presented, dividing them into 4 parts, corresponding to different types of supra-local relations of local systems and activities for their prodevelopmental formation. The article concludes with findings and recommendations for changes of local and supra-local policies which will popularize and simplify pro-innovative shaping of supra-local relations of small towns].
![Research paper thumbnail of Efemerydy, katedry na pustyni i balasty w zarządzaniu rozwojem lokalnym małych miast [Ephemerides, cathedrals in the desert and ballast in local development governance of small towns]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51614826/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Absorpcja czynników egzogenicznych to jeden z głównych elementów zarządzania rozwojem lokalnym. S... more Absorpcja czynników egzogenicznych to jeden z głównych elementów zarządzania rozwojem lokalnym. Sprzyja jej współcześnie wiele ponadlokalnych uwarunkowań, wśród których dominująca jest dystrybucja środków finansowych pochodzących głównie z funduszy Unii Europejskiej. W absorpcji tej zdarzają się jednak niepowodzenia mające różne przyczyny i skutki. Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań dotyczących tego zagadnienia, zrealizowanych w dwóch fazach. Pierwsza obejmowała obserwacje uczestniczące poczynione w latach 2000-2014 w 61 różnych gminach, których celem była identyfikacja cech wspomnianych niepowodzeń i ich typowych wzorców. Druga ukierunkowana została na identyfikację częstości i przyczyn występowania tych wzorców w zarządzaniu rozwojem lokalnym małych miast. Wykorzystano w niej długie wywiady osobiste, które przeprowadzono w 2014 r. z burmistrzami 46 takich miast. Artykuł kończą zalecenia odnośnie do doskonalenia procesów lokalnego i ponadlokalnego zarządzania rozwojem lokalnym, ukierunkowanego na redukcję liczebności i skutków niepowodzeń w absorpcji egzogenicznych czynników rozwoju lokalnego.
[The absorption of exogenous factors remains one of the main components in local development governance. It is facilitated contemporarily by many supra-local determinants, among which the dominating one is the distribution of financial means originating mainly from the European Union funds. Such absorption, however, does experience failures having various reasons and effects. The article presents the research results in this matter, which were carried out in two phases. The first of them covered participant observations performed in the period 2000-2014, in 61 different municipalities, aimed at identifying the characteristics of the above-mentioned failures and their typical patterns. The second one focused on identifying both the frequency and reasons of these patterns occurrence in local development governance of small towns. Long personal interviews were used in its course, which were conducted in 2014 with the Mayors of 46 such towns. The article is concluded with recommendations related to the improvement of local and supra-local governance of local development aimed at reducing the number and consequences of failures in absorbing exogenous factors of local development].
![Research paper thumbnail of Wykorzystanie i ochrona zasobów środowiska naturalnego w ponadlokalnej perspektywie zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym małych miast [Utilization and protection of environmental resources in supra-local perspective of local development strategic governance of small towns]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51438673/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ekonomia środowiska i polityka ekologiczna [The economics of environment and ecological policy], 2016
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań, które miały na celu zidentyfikowanie, jak władze polskich małych... more Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań, które miały na celu zidentyfikowanie, jak władze polskich małych miast postrzegają i kształtują na poziomie strategicznym ponadlokalne relacje ich miast związane z wykorzystaniem i ochroną zasobów środowiska naturalnego. Badania przeprowadzono w roku 2014 metodami sondażu diagnostycznego i analizy treści. Dodatkowo wykorzystano w nich wyniki obserwacji uczestniczących przeprowadzonych w latach 2010-2014. W początkowej części artykułu wyjaśniono kategorie kluczowe z punktu widzenia badań, takie jak rozwój lokalny w obu jego perspektywach, ponadlokalne relacje układu lokalnego, zarządzanie rozwojem lokalnym, zarządzanie strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym oraz ponadlokalna perspektywa tego zarządzania. W dalszej części zaprezentowano przesłanki, obiekty, cele, pytania, metody i techniki badawcze oraz źródła informacji. Następnie przedstawiono wyniki badań, dzieląc je na 4 części odpowiadające poszczególnym rodzajom ponadlokalnych relacji układów lokalnych i działaniom prowadzonym w celu ich prorozwojowego kształtowania. Artykuł kończą wnioski i zalecenia co do zmian legislacyjnych i kierunków dalszych badań.
[The article presents the research results whose aim was to identify how local
authorities of Polish small towns perceive and form at the strategic level these supra-local relations of their cities, which are connected with utilisation and protection of environmental resources. The research was conducted in 2014 using diagnostic survey and content analysis methods. In addition, the results of participant observations, conducted in 2010-2014, were used. In the initial part of the article key categories of research field have been explained, such as local development in both perspectives, supra-local relations of local system, local development governance, local development strategic governance and its supra-local perspective. The next part presents rationale, objects, goals, questions, methods and techniques of research and used sources of information. Then the results of the studies were presented, dividing them into 4 parts, corresponding to different types of supra-local relations of local systems and activities for their prodevelopmental formation. The article concludes with findings and recommendations for legislative changes and directions for further research.]
Regional Economy and Development in Time of Economic Crisis, 2017
The article presents problems of investments planning in Polish special economic zones (SEZs) and... more The article presents problems of investments planning in Polish special economic zones (SEZs) and is based on legal regulations in force referring to this issue, as well as on the author’s practical output gained while providing consultancy services for foreign investors. Firstly, there are presented basic information about SEZs, next there are discussed variants of obtaining public aid, referred to as regional aid, by entrepreneurs investing in SEZs and conditions which they have to meet for this purpose. The article also provides numerous information regarding costs related to entering and functioning in SEZs. Main body of the article focuses on method for budgeting of the above aid, which the author had worked out, verified a few times in consulting practice, and describes by means of detailed examples. In conclusion the author points to many recommendations for practical applications of the said techniques.
The article discusses barriers in strategic governance of local development characteristic for Po... more The article discusses barriers in strategic governance of local development characteristic for Polish local governments, i.e. municipalities, which occurred within the first 15 years of the XXI century. These barriers were identified in the period 2000-2015 by means of using the qualitative field research method, in the process of research and implementation as well as research and development projects’ execution, directly and indirectly related to the conceptualization, application and assessment of development strategies for Polish municipalities. The introduction to the article presents the reasons, origins, purpose, method, techniques and the course of conducted research. Next the concept of local development perceived from two perspectives, a local and supra-local one, as well as their governance concept and strategic approach to such governance, are discussed. The core part of the article is devoted to presenting the identified barriers in strategic governance of local development and also their sources. The article is concluded by providing recommendations regarding the continuation of research covering these barriers and the instruments of their reduction.
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Papers by Andrzej Sztando
Jednym z kluczowych warunków skutecznego zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem gmin jest zintegrowanie z nim zarządzania przestrzenią. Mimo wieloletnich postulatów, kompleksowe regulacje temu służące przyjęto dopiero w 2020 r., w ramach pierwszego etapu reformy systemu zarządzania rozwojem kraju. Do prawa samorządowego wprowadzono strategię rozwoju gminy, a jej obowiązkowymi częściami uczyniono model struktury funkcjonalno-przestrzennej oraz ustalenia i wytyczne w zakresie kształtowania i prowadzenia polityki przestrzennej. Miały być one wyznacznikami dla gminnych narzędzi zarządzania przestrzenią. Celem przeprowadzonych badań była weryfikacja, czy w praktyce przepisy nt. modeli oraz ustaleń i rekomendacji satysfakcjonująco wspierają tę integrację. Zastosowano w nich metody badawcze analizy aktów prawnych, podobieństw i przyczynowo-skutkową, a także wywiadów pogłębionych. Wykorzystano także wyniki wieloletnich obserwacji uczestniczących. Badania wykazały, że w istotnej części gmin przepisy te nie działają zgodnie z intencją ustawodawcy, co prowadzi do dysfunkcji integracji, a potencjalnie do spowolnienia rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy jest ich niewystarczająca szczegółowość oraz za niski poziom kultury zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem, charakteryzujący część władz i menedżmentu gmin. W części postulatywnej artykułu zaproponowano zatem korekty przedmiotowych przepisów, odnosząc je do przygotowywanej obecnie reformy planowania przestrzennego. Nakreślono także niezbędne działania na rzecz podnoszenia wspomnianej kultury. Artykuł kończą argumenty za kontynuacją badań, zarówno w przedstawionym obszarze, jak i w innych obszarach zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem gmin.
Summary:
[One of the key conditions for effective strategic governance of the communes development is the integration of spatial management with it. Despite many years of postulates, comprehensive regulations serving this purpose were adopted in Poland only in 2020, as part of the first stage of the reform of the country’s development governance system. A commune development strategy was introduced into the self-government law, and a model of the functional and spatial structure as well as arrangements and guidelines for shaping and conducting spatial policy were made its obligatory parts. They were to be determinants for communal space management tools. The purpose of the conducted research was to verify whether in practice the regulations on models, arrangements and recommendations satisfactorily support this integration. Research methods of legal acts analysis, similarities analysis and cause-and-effect analysis, as well as in-depth interviews were used in them. The results of long-term participant observations were also used. Research has shown that in a significant part of communes these regulations do not work in accordance with the intention of the legislator, which leads to integration dysfunctions and potentially to a slowdown in socio-economic development. The reason for this state of affairs is their insufficient depth and the low level of the culture of strategic development governance, which characterizes some of the authorities and management of communes. Therefore, in the postulative part of the article, corrections of the regulations in question were proposed, referring them to the currently prepared spatial planning reform. It also outlines the necessary actions to raise above aforementioned culture. The article ends with arguments for the continuation of research in the presented and other areas of strategic governance of the communes development.]
omawianej integracji, zwłaszcza badań ewaluacyjnych.
[Self-government strategic management of socio-economic and spatial-environmental development in the local, subregional and regional dimensions has been becoming increasingly widespread in Poland for three decades. However, it still has numerous imperfections, including unsatisfactory effectiveness and efficiency. Poor integration of spatial management with it is one of the main reasons for this situation, which has lasted many years. However, it started to get deeper systemically in 2020 as part of the first stage of the reform of the country’s development management. This process set new research needs for the identification of the challenges of this integration, understood as its main problems and threats, as well as for conceptualizing the ways of satisfying them. This article presents the results of the research with such objectives. It applies the research strategy of system analysis and uses the research methods of analysis of legal acts, as well as a causal and comparative analysis. The results of long-term observation of the participants were also used. The challenges that were identified included the challenges of interpreting and prioritizing the instructional parts of the integration relationship, the challenges of assessing and reducing these relationships at regional level, and the challenges of
selecting the strength of integration and raising the culture of municipal strategic development management, whereby the last of these was considered the most important. Recommendations for action are formulated in the light of each of these challenges, which were addressed to the state and territorial self-government authorities, as well as the academic community. The article ends with arguments in favour of continuing the research even after the integration in question ends, particularly evaluation studies.]
Czy małe miasta skorzystają? Spodziewane zmiany ponadlokalnych relacji polskich małych miast wywołane pandemią COVID-19 oraz planowane reakcje na nie w ponadlokalnej perspektywie zarządzania strategicznego ich rozwojem lokalnym.
Transformacja systemowa lat 90. dla większości polskich małych miast oznaczała głębokie, niekorzystne zmiany ponadlokalnych uwarunkowań ich rozwoju lokalnego. W efekcie zostały one dotknięte wieloma negatywnymi zjawiskami. Pandemia COVID-19 rozpoczęła zmiany społeczno-gospodarcze, których obecna, dominująca ocena jest negatywna. Niemniej dla polskich małych miast, mimo krótkotrwałego ponownego pogorszenia ich ponadlokalnej sytuacji, zmiany te, w dłużej perspektywie czasowej, mogą okazać się korzystne. Artykuł prezentuje zidentyfikowane oczekiwania i obserwacje władz w zakresie, pandemicznych zmian relacji łączących ich małe miasta z ponadlokalnym otoczeniem, a także planowane reakcje strategiczne. Wyniki badań doprowadziły do wniosku, że wspomniane zmiany, w połączeniu z planowanymi reakcjami, mają znaczący potencjał stymulacyjny w zakresie rozwoju lokalnego. Artykuł kończą zalecenia wykorzystania zawartych w nim informacji w popandemicznym zarządzaniu strategicznym rozwojem małych miast, w kreowaniu antykryzysowych polityk państw, a także w dydaktyce.
The first chapter constitutes the theoretical and conceptual foundation of the entire study. It discusses the crucial concepts used, such as Fordism and Post-Fordism, localism and new localism, localness and a local system, socio-economic development and sustainable development, as well as the relationships and the historical background of the evolution of these concepts. It also presents the definitions of local development included in the world literature, as well as two new approaches to local development created by the author – the local and supralocal one. These approaches were discussed in the model, process (dynamic) and structural (static) oriented variants. Next the author’s original typology of supralocal relationships of the local systems, which determine local development, was presented. Within its framework the relationships of valorisation and animation were identified as favourable for the local development, and also the relationships of suppression and depreciation as unfavourable for such development.
The second chapter discusses the implementation of local development concept. First the essence and the entities of local and supralocal policies of local development were presented. Next the reader’s attention was directed towards the issue of municipal governance of local development presenting it as the component of public governance. The mechanism of local development formation by the local authorities, using the instruments at their disposal, was also explained. It was followed by presenting the motives and the concept of strategic approach in the municipal governance of local development, showing them as an alternative for an administrative approach. Next the new, author’s category of supralocal perspective of municipal strategic governance of local development was defined. It consists of the characteristics of this governance related to supralocal relationships of a local system defined as exogenous utilitarianness, neo-endogenous absorptivity, protectiveness, retentionness and supralocal easementing, as well as the relevant activities of the local authorities.
The third chapter presents the analysis results of contemporary, world studies on supralocal relationships of local systems and their formation. On its basis the general research problem was identified and described, consisting in the insufficiency of knowledge in this matter despite the theoretical and practical rationale of having it. It was followed by presenting the reasons for which it is indispensable to carry out pilot, subject specific studies covering the selected group of local authorities and aimed at solving the fragment of this problem. The authorities of Polish small towns were selected as such a group. Next the supralocal reasons of contemporary socioeconomic situations of these towns were described in detail along with the interest in their supralocal relationships of science, local governments, supralocal authorities, business environments and the residents of these towns. Further part of this chapter presents the research goals, objects, strategy, methods and techniques, as well as the information sources. The adopted primary research goals were the identification of the characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development strategic governance of small towns, followed by enunciating the general characteristics of this perspective. The adopted secondary research goals were marking improvement methods of this governance perspective out along with the verification of usefulness of the selected information sources, research methods and techniques in diagnosing it.
The local authorities of 369 Polish towns with the residents’ number ranging from 5 to 20 thousand constituted the research population. The applied research method was a diagnostic survey using the technique of long personal interview, the method of content analysis using the encoding technique and the method of qualitative field research using the participant observation technique. The following information sources were adopted: town mayors, local development strategies and the groups of people playing key roles in the construction and implementation of these strategies. All the methods, techniques and sources were combined in accordance with triangulation research strategy. The chapter was completed with the description of the research questions and tools used and the report of the course of conducted research. The research results are presented in chapter four. It contains the detailed information how the studied authorities perceive the importance of particular supralocal relationships of their towns and their own roles in these relationships formation. It also includes information about the relationships which are mainly affected by exogenous utilitarianness, absorptivity, protectiveness and retentionness of strategic governance carried out by the analysed authorities, about the instruments used in this area and also about the positionality, neo-endogeneity and supralocal easementing of such governance. The provided information was illustrated by several comprehensive tables and several dozens graphs.
Based on the above information, the general characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development governance of Polish small towns is presented in the last, fifth chapter. Apart from its main components, i.e. the relationships perceived as strategically significant and formed on the strategic level, its unification was characterized along with its contextual specificity for the supralocal milieu. Fordist and Post-Fordist values dominating in this perspective of governance were also indicated. The impact of supralocal development policies, carried out by Polish state and regional authorities, on this governance, was also discussed. It was all concluded by the assessment of the level of transformation of administrative approach towards local development governance into a strategic one. Next, based on the analysis of legal acts, literature studies and cause and effect analysis the problem specific recommendations were made regarding the improvement of the discussed governance perspective. They were addressed to the analysed authorities, public governance related scientific environment and Polish state authorities. By analysing the course and the results of research the usefulness of methods, techniques and research tools, along with information sources in different, analogical studies, was also shown. The publication was finished with indicating the rationale, directions and methods for the conducted research continuation.
Artykuł to próba odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie. Otwiera go prezentacja genezy i istoty lokalizmu oraz koncepcji rozwoju lokalnego. Następnie sformułowano pojęcia rozwoju lokalnego postrzeganego z perspektyw lokalnej i ponadlokalnej oraz omówiono paradygmat rozwoju lokalnego, jego znaczenie i pozycje˛ wobec innych paradygmatów rozwoju. Bazując na lokalnej i ponadlokalnej perspektywach rozwoju lokalnego, sformułowano kategorie lokalnej (gminnej) praz ponadlokalnych (regionalnej, państwowej i ponadpaństwowej) polityk rozwoju lokalnego i wskazano podmioty, które je prowadzą. Omówiono także cele i cechy tych polityk, sposoby ich prowadzenia oraz ich pozycje wobec innych polityk funkcjonalnych i horyzontalnych. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono spójności wertykalną i horyzontalną ponadlokalnych polityk rozwoju lokalnego. W artykule wykorzystano metody badawcze krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu, indukcji, dedukcji i analogii.
[The local development issues were repeatedly discussed in the subject literature. Numerous works devoted to it focus on its objectives, factors and its measurement. Despite this, until now, a little attention has been paid to the category of local development policy pursued by local authorities. The categories of local development policies pursued by the supra-local authorities have not been formulated or discussed at all. Nevertheless, such policies are held in Poland and abroad, and their importance is growing. Thus, there is a need for their definement and characterizing for the construction of nomenclature used in academic discourse and in the practice of design and the application of these policies and in didactics as well. The purpose of this article is to answer this challenge. It opens with the presentation of the origin and the nature of localism and the idea of local development. Then the categories of the local development perceived from the local and supra-local perspectives have been formulated, as well as local development paradigm, its meaning and position in relation to other paradigms of development have been described. Based on local and supra-local perspectives of local development, the categories of local (municipal) and supra-local (regional, national and international) policies of local development have been formulated and the entities who pursue them have been pointed. Also the purpose and features of these policies, ways of their pursuing and their positions in relation to other functional and horizontal policies have been described. Next, the vertical and horizontal cohesion of supra-local policies of local development have been presented. The article uses the research methods of critical analysis of the subject literature, induction, deduction and analogy.]
lokalnym. Zaprezentowano w nim wyniki badań mających na celu identyfikację kluczowych własności rozwoju lokalnego wskazywanych w literaturze, wykazanie koncentracji uwagi teorii i praktyki na racjonalistycznych cechach zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym oraz konsekwencji z tego wynikających, a także specyfikacja i omówienie pożądanych, lokalistycznych cech tego zarządzania. Głównymi wykorzystanymi metodami badawczymi była analiza treści literatury źródłowej, przeprowadzona w 2016 roku, oraz obserwacje uczestniczące, przeprowadzone w latach 1998-2017 podczas budowy i wdrażania 79 strategii rozwoju lokalnego 62 polskich gmin. Artykuł kończą definicje zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym, uwzględniające jego, wyspecyfikowane w badaniach, lokalistyczne cechy, a także przesłanki kontynuacji badań nad nimi. [The article is devoted to the problems of local development strategic governance. It discusses research results aimed at the identification of the key features of local development pointed in the subject literature, at the demonstration that the theory and practice is focused on the rationalistic qualities of local development strategic governance and consequences of it, and also at the specification and presentation of the desirable, localistic qualities of this governance. The main research methods used were the content analysis of subject literature, carried out in 2016, and participant observations conducted in the period 1998-2017 in the course of developing and implementing 79 local development strategies of 62 Polish municipalities. The article ends with the definitions of local development strategic governance, taking into account its, specified in research, localistic qualities and also the reasons for continuing research covering them].
[The article presents the results of research carried out in mid-2014 to identify the expectations presented by the authorities of small cities in the light of Polish state local development policy. 46 mayors were selected as the source of information about these expectations and a diagnostic survey based on long personal interviews was chosen as the research method. The expectations concerned the reform of the municipalities’ permanent funding system, changes in the systems governing EU funds distribution, providing local authorities with new instruments for shaping their municipalities’ supra-local relationships, reducing anti-patterns in policy and politics, eliminating contradictions and ambiguities in law, and changes in the rules governing both decisive and executive bodies of local authorities. The expectations discussed should be approached as contemporary challenges for state policy on local development, since the mayors refer to thorough and multidimensional alterations to that policy. Furthermore, if analysed jointly, the expectations constitute a challenge for this policy, which can be referred to as its general contemporary challenge. Local authorities expect that the state government will increase its subjectivity in defining and creating local development by extending its approval for the local development paradigm.]
[The article presents the research results whose aim is to identify how local authorities of Polish small towns perceive and form at the strategic level, these supra-local relations of their cities, which are connected with innovations and local innovativeness. The research was conducted in 2014 using diagnostic survey and content analysis methods. In addition, the results of participant observations, conducted in 2010-2014, were used. In the initial part of the article key categories of research field are explained, such as local development in both perspectives, innovations and their role in local development, local innovativeness, supra-local relations of local system, local development governance, local development strategic governance and its supra-local perspective. The next part presents rationale, objects, goals, questions, methods and techniques of research and used sources of information. Then the results of the studies are presented, dividing them into 4 parts, corresponding to different types of supra-local relations of local systems and activities for their prodevelopmental formation. The article concludes with findings and recommendations for changes of local and supra-local policies which will popularize and simplify pro-innovative shaping of supra-local relations of small towns].
[The absorption of exogenous factors remains one of the main components in local development governance. It is facilitated contemporarily by many supra-local determinants, among which the dominating one is the distribution of financial means originating mainly from the European Union funds. Such absorption, however, does experience failures having various reasons and effects. The article presents the research results in this matter, which were carried out in two phases. The first of them covered participant observations performed in the period 2000-2014, in 61 different municipalities, aimed at identifying the characteristics of the above-mentioned failures and their typical patterns. The second one focused on identifying both the frequency and reasons of these patterns occurrence in local development governance of small towns. Long personal interviews were used in its course, which were conducted in 2014 with the Mayors of 46 such towns. The article is concluded with recommendations related to the improvement of local and supra-local governance of local development aimed at reducing the number and consequences of failures in absorbing exogenous factors of local development].
[The article presents the research results whose aim was to identify how local
authorities of Polish small towns perceive and form at the strategic level these supra-local relations of their cities, which are connected with utilisation and protection of environmental resources. The research was conducted in 2014 using diagnostic survey and content analysis methods. In addition, the results of participant observations, conducted in 2010-2014, were used. In the initial part of the article key categories of research field have been explained, such as local development in both perspectives, supra-local relations of local system, local development governance, local development strategic governance and its supra-local perspective. The next part presents rationale, objects, goals, questions, methods and techniques of research and used sources of information. Then the results of the studies were presented, dividing them into 4 parts, corresponding to different types of supra-local relations of local systems and activities for their prodevelopmental formation. The article concludes with findings and recommendations for legislative changes and directions for further research.]
Jednym z kluczowych warunków skutecznego zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem gmin jest zintegrowanie z nim zarządzania przestrzenią. Mimo wieloletnich postulatów, kompleksowe regulacje temu służące przyjęto dopiero w 2020 r., w ramach pierwszego etapu reformy systemu zarządzania rozwojem kraju. Do prawa samorządowego wprowadzono strategię rozwoju gminy, a jej obowiązkowymi częściami uczyniono model struktury funkcjonalno-przestrzennej oraz ustalenia i wytyczne w zakresie kształtowania i prowadzenia polityki przestrzennej. Miały być one wyznacznikami dla gminnych narzędzi zarządzania przestrzenią. Celem przeprowadzonych badań była weryfikacja, czy w praktyce przepisy nt. modeli oraz ustaleń i rekomendacji satysfakcjonująco wspierają tę integrację. Zastosowano w nich metody badawcze analizy aktów prawnych, podobieństw i przyczynowo-skutkową, a także wywiadów pogłębionych. Wykorzystano także wyniki wieloletnich obserwacji uczestniczących. Badania wykazały, że w istotnej części gmin przepisy te nie działają zgodnie z intencją ustawodawcy, co prowadzi do dysfunkcji integracji, a potencjalnie do spowolnienia rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy jest ich niewystarczająca szczegółowość oraz za niski poziom kultury zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem, charakteryzujący część władz i menedżmentu gmin. W części postulatywnej artykułu zaproponowano zatem korekty przedmiotowych przepisów, odnosząc je do przygotowywanej obecnie reformy planowania przestrzennego. Nakreślono także niezbędne działania na rzecz podnoszenia wspomnianej kultury. Artykuł kończą argumenty za kontynuacją badań, zarówno w przedstawionym obszarze, jak i w innych obszarach zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem gmin.
Summary:
[One of the key conditions for effective strategic governance of the communes development is the integration of spatial management with it. Despite many years of postulates, comprehensive regulations serving this purpose were adopted in Poland only in 2020, as part of the first stage of the reform of the country’s development governance system. A commune development strategy was introduced into the self-government law, and a model of the functional and spatial structure as well as arrangements and guidelines for shaping and conducting spatial policy were made its obligatory parts. They were to be determinants for communal space management tools. The purpose of the conducted research was to verify whether in practice the regulations on models, arrangements and recommendations satisfactorily support this integration. Research methods of legal acts analysis, similarities analysis and cause-and-effect analysis, as well as in-depth interviews were used in them. The results of long-term participant observations were also used. Research has shown that in a significant part of communes these regulations do not work in accordance with the intention of the legislator, which leads to integration dysfunctions and potentially to a slowdown in socio-economic development. The reason for this state of affairs is their insufficient depth and the low level of the culture of strategic development governance, which characterizes some of the authorities and management of communes. Therefore, in the postulative part of the article, corrections of the regulations in question were proposed, referring them to the currently prepared spatial planning reform. It also outlines the necessary actions to raise above aforementioned culture. The article ends with arguments for the continuation of research in the presented and other areas of strategic governance of the communes development.]
omawianej integracji, zwłaszcza badań ewaluacyjnych.
[Self-government strategic management of socio-economic and spatial-environmental development in the local, subregional and regional dimensions has been becoming increasingly widespread in Poland for three decades. However, it still has numerous imperfections, including unsatisfactory effectiveness and efficiency. Poor integration of spatial management with it is one of the main reasons for this situation, which has lasted many years. However, it started to get deeper systemically in 2020 as part of the first stage of the reform of the country’s development management. This process set new research needs for the identification of the challenges of this integration, understood as its main problems and threats, as well as for conceptualizing the ways of satisfying them. This article presents the results of the research with such objectives. It applies the research strategy of system analysis and uses the research methods of analysis of legal acts, as well as a causal and comparative analysis. The results of long-term observation of the participants were also used. The challenges that were identified included the challenges of interpreting and prioritizing the instructional parts of the integration relationship, the challenges of assessing and reducing these relationships at regional level, and the challenges of
selecting the strength of integration and raising the culture of municipal strategic development management, whereby the last of these was considered the most important. Recommendations for action are formulated in the light of each of these challenges, which were addressed to the state and territorial self-government authorities, as well as the academic community. The article ends with arguments in favour of continuing the research even after the integration in question ends, particularly evaluation studies.]
Czy małe miasta skorzystają? Spodziewane zmiany ponadlokalnych relacji polskich małych miast wywołane pandemią COVID-19 oraz planowane reakcje na nie w ponadlokalnej perspektywie zarządzania strategicznego ich rozwojem lokalnym.
Transformacja systemowa lat 90. dla większości polskich małych miast oznaczała głębokie, niekorzystne zmiany ponadlokalnych uwarunkowań ich rozwoju lokalnego. W efekcie zostały one dotknięte wieloma negatywnymi zjawiskami. Pandemia COVID-19 rozpoczęła zmiany społeczno-gospodarcze, których obecna, dominująca ocena jest negatywna. Niemniej dla polskich małych miast, mimo krótkotrwałego ponownego pogorszenia ich ponadlokalnej sytuacji, zmiany te, w dłużej perspektywie czasowej, mogą okazać się korzystne. Artykuł prezentuje zidentyfikowane oczekiwania i obserwacje władz w zakresie, pandemicznych zmian relacji łączących ich małe miasta z ponadlokalnym otoczeniem, a także planowane reakcje strategiczne. Wyniki badań doprowadziły do wniosku, że wspomniane zmiany, w połączeniu z planowanymi reakcjami, mają znaczący potencjał stymulacyjny w zakresie rozwoju lokalnego. Artykuł kończą zalecenia wykorzystania zawartych w nim informacji w popandemicznym zarządzaniu strategicznym rozwojem małych miast, w kreowaniu antykryzysowych polityk państw, a także w dydaktyce.
The first chapter constitutes the theoretical and conceptual foundation of the entire study. It discusses the crucial concepts used, such as Fordism and Post-Fordism, localism and new localism, localness and a local system, socio-economic development and sustainable development, as well as the relationships and the historical background of the evolution of these concepts. It also presents the definitions of local development included in the world literature, as well as two new approaches to local development created by the author – the local and supralocal one. These approaches were discussed in the model, process (dynamic) and structural (static) oriented variants. Next the author’s original typology of supralocal relationships of the local systems, which determine local development, was presented. Within its framework the relationships of valorisation and animation were identified as favourable for the local development, and also the relationships of suppression and depreciation as unfavourable for such development.
The second chapter discusses the implementation of local development concept. First the essence and the entities of local and supralocal policies of local development were presented. Next the reader’s attention was directed towards the issue of municipal governance of local development presenting it as the component of public governance. The mechanism of local development formation by the local authorities, using the instruments at their disposal, was also explained. It was followed by presenting the motives and the concept of strategic approach in the municipal governance of local development, showing them as an alternative for an administrative approach. Next the new, author’s category of supralocal perspective of municipal strategic governance of local development was defined. It consists of the characteristics of this governance related to supralocal relationships of a local system defined as exogenous utilitarianness, neo-endogenous absorptivity, protectiveness, retentionness and supralocal easementing, as well as the relevant activities of the local authorities.
The third chapter presents the analysis results of contemporary, world studies on supralocal relationships of local systems and their formation. On its basis the general research problem was identified and described, consisting in the insufficiency of knowledge in this matter despite the theoretical and practical rationale of having it. It was followed by presenting the reasons for which it is indispensable to carry out pilot, subject specific studies covering the selected group of local authorities and aimed at solving the fragment of this problem. The authorities of Polish small towns were selected as such a group. Next the supralocal reasons of contemporary socioeconomic situations of these towns were described in detail along with the interest in their supralocal relationships of science, local governments, supralocal authorities, business environments and the residents of these towns. Further part of this chapter presents the research goals, objects, strategy, methods and techniques, as well as the information sources. The adopted primary research goals were the identification of the characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development strategic governance of small towns, followed by enunciating the general characteristics of this perspective. The adopted secondary research goals were marking improvement methods of this governance perspective out along with the verification of usefulness of the selected information sources, research methods and techniques in diagnosing it.
The local authorities of 369 Polish towns with the residents’ number ranging from 5 to 20 thousand constituted the research population. The applied research method was a diagnostic survey using the technique of long personal interview, the method of content analysis using the encoding technique and the method of qualitative field research using the participant observation technique. The following information sources were adopted: town mayors, local development strategies and the groups of people playing key roles in the construction and implementation of these strategies. All the methods, techniques and sources were combined in accordance with triangulation research strategy. The chapter was completed with the description of the research questions and tools used and the report of the course of conducted research. The research results are presented in chapter four. It contains the detailed information how the studied authorities perceive the importance of particular supralocal relationships of their towns and their own roles in these relationships formation. It also includes information about the relationships which are mainly affected by exogenous utilitarianness, absorptivity, protectiveness and retentionness of strategic governance carried out by the analysed authorities, about the instruments used in this area and also about the positionality, neo-endogeneity and supralocal easementing of such governance. The provided information was illustrated by several comprehensive tables and several dozens graphs.
Based on the above information, the general characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development governance of Polish small towns is presented in the last, fifth chapter. Apart from its main components, i.e. the relationships perceived as strategically significant and formed on the strategic level, its unification was characterized along with its contextual specificity for the supralocal milieu. Fordist and Post-Fordist values dominating in this perspective of governance were also indicated. The impact of supralocal development policies, carried out by Polish state and regional authorities, on this governance, was also discussed. It was all concluded by the assessment of the level of transformation of administrative approach towards local development governance into a strategic one. Next, based on the analysis of legal acts, literature studies and cause and effect analysis the problem specific recommendations were made regarding the improvement of the discussed governance perspective. They were addressed to the analysed authorities, public governance related scientific environment and Polish state authorities. By analysing the course and the results of research the usefulness of methods, techniques and research tools, along with information sources in different, analogical studies, was also shown. The publication was finished with indicating the rationale, directions and methods for the conducted research continuation.
Artykuł to próba odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie. Otwiera go prezentacja genezy i istoty lokalizmu oraz koncepcji rozwoju lokalnego. Następnie sformułowano pojęcia rozwoju lokalnego postrzeganego z perspektyw lokalnej i ponadlokalnej oraz omówiono paradygmat rozwoju lokalnego, jego znaczenie i pozycje˛ wobec innych paradygmatów rozwoju. Bazując na lokalnej i ponadlokalnej perspektywach rozwoju lokalnego, sformułowano kategorie lokalnej (gminnej) praz ponadlokalnych (regionalnej, państwowej i ponadpaństwowej) polityk rozwoju lokalnego i wskazano podmioty, które je prowadzą. Omówiono także cele i cechy tych polityk, sposoby ich prowadzenia oraz ich pozycje wobec innych polityk funkcjonalnych i horyzontalnych. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono spójności wertykalną i horyzontalną ponadlokalnych polityk rozwoju lokalnego. W artykule wykorzystano metody badawcze krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu, indukcji, dedukcji i analogii.
[The local development issues were repeatedly discussed in the subject literature. Numerous works devoted to it focus on its objectives, factors and its measurement. Despite this, until now, a little attention has been paid to the category of local development policy pursued by local authorities. The categories of local development policies pursued by the supra-local authorities have not been formulated or discussed at all. Nevertheless, such policies are held in Poland and abroad, and their importance is growing. Thus, there is a need for their definement and characterizing for the construction of nomenclature used in academic discourse and in the practice of design and the application of these policies and in didactics as well. The purpose of this article is to answer this challenge. It opens with the presentation of the origin and the nature of localism and the idea of local development. Then the categories of the local development perceived from the local and supra-local perspectives have been formulated, as well as local development paradigm, its meaning and position in relation to other paradigms of development have been described. Based on local and supra-local perspectives of local development, the categories of local (municipal) and supra-local (regional, national and international) policies of local development have been formulated and the entities who pursue them have been pointed. Also the purpose and features of these policies, ways of their pursuing and their positions in relation to other functional and horizontal policies have been described. Next, the vertical and horizontal cohesion of supra-local policies of local development have been presented. The article uses the research methods of critical analysis of the subject literature, induction, deduction and analogy.]
lokalnym. Zaprezentowano w nim wyniki badań mających na celu identyfikację kluczowych własności rozwoju lokalnego wskazywanych w literaturze, wykazanie koncentracji uwagi teorii i praktyki na racjonalistycznych cechach zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym oraz konsekwencji z tego wynikających, a także specyfikacja i omówienie pożądanych, lokalistycznych cech tego zarządzania. Głównymi wykorzystanymi metodami badawczymi była analiza treści literatury źródłowej, przeprowadzona w 2016 roku, oraz obserwacje uczestniczące, przeprowadzone w latach 1998-2017 podczas budowy i wdrażania 79 strategii rozwoju lokalnego 62 polskich gmin. Artykuł kończą definicje zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym, uwzględniające jego, wyspecyfikowane w badaniach, lokalistyczne cechy, a także przesłanki kontynuacji badań nad nimi. [The article is devoted to the problems of local development strategic governance. It discusses research results aimed at the identification of the key features of local development pointed in the subject literature, at the demonstration that the theory and practice is focused on the rationalistic qualities of local development strategic governance and consequences of it, and also at the specification and presentation of the desirable, localistic qualities of this governance. The main research methods used were the content analysis of subject literature, carried out in 2016, and participant observations conducted in the period 1998-2017 in the course of developing and implementing 79 local development strategies of 62 Polish municipalities. The article ends with the definitions of local development strategic governance, taking into account its, specified in research, localistic qualities and also the reasons for continuing research covering them].
[The article presents the results of research carried out in mid-2014 to identify the expectations presented by the authorities of small cities in the light of Polish state local development policy. 46 mayors were selected as the source of information about these expectations and a diagnostic survey based on long personal interviews was chosen as the research method. The expectations concerned the reform of the municipalities’ permanent funding system, changes in the systems governing EU funds distribution, providing local authorities with new instruments for shaping their municipalities’ supra-local relationships, reducing anti-patterns in policy and politics, eliminating contradictions and ambiguities in law, and changes in the rules governing both decisive and executive bodies of local authorities. The expectations discussed should be approached as contemporary challenges for state policy on local development, since the mayors refer to thorough and multidimensional alterations to that policy. Furthermore, if analysed jointly, the expectations constitute a challenge for this policy, which can be referred to as its general contemporary challenge. Local authorities expect that the state government will increase its subjectivity in defining and creating local development by extending its approval for the local development paradigm.]
[The article presents the research results whose aim is to identify how local authorities of Polish small towns perceive and form at the strategic level, these supra-local relations of their cities, which are connected with innovations and local innovativeness. The research was conducted in 2014 using diagnostic survey and content analysis methods. In addition, the results of participant observations, conducted in 2010-2014, were used. In the initial part of the article key categories of research field are explained, such as local development in both perspectives, innovations and their role in local development, local innovativeness, supra-local relations of local system, local development governance, local development strategic governance and its supra-local perspective. The next part presents rationale, objects, goals, questions, methods and techniques of research and used sources of information. Then the results of the studies are presented, dividing them into 4 parts, corresponding to different types of supra-local relations of local systems and activities for their prodevelopmental formation. The article concludes with findings and recommendations for changes of local and supra-local policies which will popularize and simplify pro-innovative shaping of supra-local relations of small towns].
[The absorption of exogenous factors remains one of the main components in local development governance. It is facilitated contemporarily by many supra-local determinants, among which the dominating one is the distribution of financial means originating mainly from the European Union funds. Such absorption, however, does experience failures having various reasons and effects. The article presents the research results in this matter, which were carried out in two phases. The first of them covered participant observations performed in the period 2000-2014, in 61 different municipalities, aimed at identifying the characteristics of the above-mentioned failures and their typical patterns. The second one focused on identifying both the frequency and reasons of these patterns occurrence in local development governance of small towns. Long personal interviews were used in its course, which were conducted in 2014 with the Mayors of 46 such towns. The article is concluded with recommendations related to the improvement of local and supra-local governance of local development aimed at reducing the number and consequences of failures in absorbing exogenous factors of local development].
[The article presents the research results whose aim was to identify how local
authorities of Polish small towns perceive and form at the strategic level these supra-local relations of their cities, which are connected with utilisation and protection of environmental resources. The research was conducted in 2014 using diagnostic survey and content analysis methods. In addition, the results of participant observations, conducted in 2010-2014, were used. In the initial part of the article key categories of research field have been explained, such as local development in both perspectives, supra-local relations of local system, local development governance, local development strategic governance and its supra-local perspective. The next part presents rationale, objects, goals, questions, methods and techniques of research and used sources of information. Then the results of the studies were presented, dividing them into 4 parts, corresponding to different types of supra-local relations of local systems and activities for their prodevelopmental formation. The article concludes with findings and recommendations for legislative changes and directions for further research.]