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Po mu plastic a wɔsɛe no

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Ɔkwan a plastic fa so kɔ wiase po mu

Po mu plastik efi yɛ po mu efi bi a plastik de ba, a ne kɛse fi mfitiase nneɛma akɛse te sɛ nkotoku ne nkotoku so kosi microplastics a efi plastic nneɛma a wɔapaapae mu ba so. Po mu nneɛma a asɛe titiriw ne nnipa nwura a wɔtow gu a ɛsensɛn so, anaasɛ ɛsensɛn po mu. Po mu nneɛma a asɛe ɔha biara mu aduɔwɔtwe yɛ plastic[1][2] Microplastics ne nanoplastics fi plastic nwura a ɛpaapae anaasɛ ɛyɛ photo degradation wɔ nsu a ɛwɔ soro, nsubɔnten anaa po mu. Nnansa yi, nyansahufo ahu nanoplastics wɔ sukyerɛmma a ano yɛ den mu, titiriw bɛyɛ tɔn 3,000 a ɛkata Switzerland so afe biara[3]

Wɔbu akontaa sɛ plastik po mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 86 na ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa po mu wɔ afe 2013 awieeɛ, sɛ yɛfa no sɛ wiase nyinaa plastik a wɔyɛeɛ firi afe 1950 kɔsi afe 2013 no mu 1.4% akɔ po no mu na aboaboa ano wɔ hɔ[4]

Wɔbu akontaa sɛ wiase nyinaa de plastic a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ tɔn ɔpepem 300 afe biara wɔ afe 2022 mu, na bɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 8 na ɛba po mu sɛ plastik akɛseɛ.[5][6] plastiks nketewaa titiriw bɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 1.5 kowie po mu. Saa dodoɔ yi mu bɛyɛ 98% na ɛnam asase so dwumadiɛ so na ɛba, na 2% a aka no nam po so dwumadiɛ so na ɛba.[6][7][8] Wɔbu akontaa sɛ plastic tɔn ɔpepem 19–23 na ɛkɔ nsuo mu abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu afe biara.[9] Amanaman Nkabom Po Nhyiam a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2017 mu no buu akontaa sɛ ebia po no mu duru bɛdɔɔso wɔ plastik mu asen mpataa wɔ afe 2050 mu.[10]

Plastik nneɛma nketenkete a ne kɛse fi mfitiase nneɛma akɛse te sɛ nkotoku ne nkotoku so kosi plastic nketenkete a efi plastic nneɛma a wɔapaapae mu so na efi po so. Saa adeɛ yi sɛe nkakrankakra paa anaasɛ wɔyi firi po no mu enti seesei plastic asinasin no atrɛ wɔ po no ani nyinaa na wonim sɛ ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ bɔne wɔ po mu nkwa so.[11] Plastik bag a wɔatow agu, nkaa a wɔde ahyɛ mu asia, sigaret a wɔde ahyɛ mu ne plastik nwura afoforo a ɛwie wɔ po mu no de asiane ba wuram mmoa ne mpataayi so.[12] Nsuo mu nkwa betumi ato asiane mu denam wɔn ho a wɔbɛkyekyere wɔn, wɔn a wɔmene wɔn, ne wɔn a wɔwe so[13][14][15] Mpataayi asau, a mpɛn pii no wɔde plastik na ɛyɛ no, mpataayifo betumi agyaw anaasɛ ayera wɔ po mu. Eyinom a wonim wɔn sɛ asau ahonhonsɛmdi, na ɛkyekyere mpataa, dolphin, po mu mpɔtorɔ, akraman, dugong, akokɔsrade, po mu nnomaa, krak, ne abɔde afoforo, na ɛmma wontumi nkɔ baabiara, na ɛde ɔkɔm, mpaapaemu, ɔyare mmoawa, ne, wɔ wɔn a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan kɔ nsu no ani kɔ home, ahomegye[16] Po mu plastik ahorow ahorow wɔ hɔ a ɛde ɔhaw ahorow ba po mu mmoa so. Wɔahu toa a wɔde akata so wɔ mpɔtorɔ ne ɛpo mu nnomaa yafunu mu, a wɔawuwu esiane sɛ wɔn home ne wɔn aduan mu ntini asiw nti.[17] Ahonhommɔne asau nso yɛ ɛpo mu plastic a ɛyɛ ɔhaw efisɛ ɛtumi kɔ so kyere po mu nkwa wɔ adeyɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no "ahonhommɔne mpataayi" mu.[18]

Aman ahorow du a ɛde po mu plastic efi ba kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa ne China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, ne Bangladesh,[19] titiriw no ɛnam Yangtze, Indus, . Yellow River, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl , Amuasubɔntenr, Niger, ne Mekong, na ɛyɛ plastik a ɛkɔ wiase po mu nyinaa mu ɔha biara mu nkyekyɛmu 90.[20][21] Asia na na ɛyɛ beae titiriw a wɔde plastik nwura a wɔanhwɛ so yiye ba, na China nkutoo na ɛyɛ metric tɔn ɔpepem 2.4.[22]

Plastik boaboa ano efisɛ ɛnsɛe sɛnea nneɛma afoforo pii yɛ no. Wɔbɛsɛe photodegrade bere a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ owia mu no, nanso wɔyɛ saa yiye wɔ tebea a ɛyɛ kusuu mu nkutoo, na nsu siw saa adeyɛ yi ano.[23] Wɔ po mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu no, plastik a mfonini asɛe no mu paapae yɛ nketenkete bere a ɛka polymers, kosi molecule dodow mpo. Sɛ plastic asinasin a ɛsensɛn nsuo mu no sɛe p"hotodegrade "kɔsi zooplankton akɛseɛ a, jellynsuomunam bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛwe, na ɛnam saa kwan yi so no plasti kno hyɛn po mu aduane nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn mu.[24][25]

Po mu plasti kefi ano aduru, ne plastic efi a ɛwɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia nyinaa mu no bɛka nsakrae a ɛbɛba wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ ne nea wɔde kyekyere nneɛma mu, ne plastik nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma biako anaa nea enni bere tiaa mu a wɔde di dwuma no so, titiriw. Adwene pii wɔ hɔ a wɔde siesie plastic wɔ po mu a nea ɛka ho ne plastik nketenkete a wɔbɛkyere wɔ asubɔnten ano ansa na wɔakɔ po mu, ne po mu gyres a wɔbɛtew ho.[2]

Baabi a ɔhaw no kodu

[sesa]

Wogye po mu efi a plastic nneɛma de ba no tom sɛ asɛm a ɛsõ sen biara, wɔ efi ho adwene mu.[26] Wɔmfa plastic dodow no ara a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nnipa da biara da asetra mu no nsan nyɛ adwuma bio da. Plastik a wɔde di dwuma pɛnkoro a ɛte sɛɛ no ​​boa kɛse ma plastic nwura tɔn ɔpepem 8 a wohu wɔ po mu afe biara.[2] Sɛ saa su yi kɔ so a, ebedu afe 2050 no, plastic bɛdɔɔso asen mpataa a wɔwɔ po mu wɔ wɔn mu duru mu.[27] Wɔ afeha no mfe du a edi kan pɛ mu no, wɔayɛ plastic pii sen plastic a ɛwɔ abakɔsɛm mu nyinaa de besi afe 2000 mu na wɔmfa saa plastic no fa kɛse no ara nni dwuma bio. Akontaabuo baako a ɛfa abakɔsɛm mu plastic a wɔyɛ ho no ma akontabuo a ɛyɛ metric tɔn ɔpepem 8,300 (Mt) ma wiase nyinaa plastic a wɔyɛ de bɛsi afe 2015, a emu 79% na wɔaboaboa ano wɔ mmeaeɛ a wɔtow nneɛma gu anaa abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia.[28] Sɛnea ICUN kyerɛ no, saa dodow yi akɔ soro akodu plastic tɔn ɔpepem 14.[2] Wobu akontaa sɛ plastic asinasin bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 15 kosi 51 na ɛwɔ wiase po ahorow a efi po atifi kosi po ase nyinaa mu[29]. Po yɛ Asase so nsukorabea a emu dɔ na ɛtrɛw sen biara a sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, asasetaw a emu dɔ no mu dɔ bɛyɛ kilomita 4 wɔ po ase. Tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam no fi awosu mu bɛma nneɛma afi asase so akɔ po mu, na ɛpo no abɛyɛ adekorabea a ɛba awiei[30] Po mu plastic efi yɛ nwonwa esiane sɛnea ɛwɔ baabiara koraa nti, efi po mu amena so, po mu nsu a emu dɔ mu, po ase ne po mu mmepɔw so kosi po no ani ne mpoano mpoano po so. Nsupɔw so nsupɔw a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri mpo betumi anya mpoano a plastic a efi akyirikyiri ahyɛ mu ma. Wɔ po no ani no, plastic a asɛe no ayɛ kurukuruwa a ɛtrɛw kɛse mu, a wɔfrɛ no po mu gyres. Po mu gyres ba wɔ po nyinaa mu, esiane zonal mframa a ɛsesa a ɛma equator mu akwantu wɔ subtropics, ne poleward interior transport wɔ subpolar po mu nti. Po mu nsu a ɛreworo so no ma plastic nwura no boaboa ano wɔ gyres no mu.

Wɔayɛ plastic kɛse esiane sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛyɛ nwene na ɛtra hɔ kyɛ nti, na ɛma plastic nya nneɛma pii a mfaso wɔ so. Plastik tumi gyina abɔde mu wim tebea a ɛpaapae nneɛma afoforo pii a ɛwɔ Asase ani no ano wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ nwonwa so. Ɛpo mu nneɛma a ɛkɔ so, a ahum, asorɔkye dwumadie, po mu nsuo a ɛsen, nsuo a ɛkɔ soro, ne wim tebea a ɛma wim tebea (e.g. oxidation) ne ultraviolet radiation a ɛwɔ soro ka ho no taa bubu plastic asinasin ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ a ɛso tew bere nyinaa (a ɛde microplastics ba), sene sɛ ɛbɛyam wɔ abɔdeɛ mu anaasɛ wɔde nnuru sesa plastic nneɛma. Akontaabu a ɛfa plastic dodow ne emu duru nyinaa ho wɔ po mu gyre plastic a ɛwɔ mmeae anum no yɛ nneɛma nketenkete ɔpepepem 5.25 a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ emu duru yɛ tɔn 300,000.[31] Plastik asinasin kɛse a ɛso tew kodu milimita ne micro-scales ma plastic kɔtra po a emu dɔ mu nsu a ɛyɛ fi mu, a ebia plastic dodow a ɛba awiei wɔ nsu a ɛyɛ fi mu no mmɔho anan sɛ wɔde toto po so nsu ho a[32]. Mprempren plastic yɛ biogeochemical kyinhyia a ɛyɛ den no fa a abɔde a nkwa wom te sɛ cetaceans, po mu nnomaa, mmoa a wɔnom nufusu, ne mmoawa, di plastic.[33]

Wɔyɛ plastic bɛboro tɔn ɔpepem 300 afe biara, na wɔde emu fa yɛ nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma pɛnkoro te sɛ nkuruwa, nkotoku, ne nneɛma a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma. Wɔbu akontaa sɛ plastic tɔn ɔpepem 19–23 na ɛkɔ nsuo mu abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu afe biara[9] Ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ yebehu no yiye, nanso wobu akontaa sɛ plastic bɛyɛ metric tɔn ɔpepem 150 na ɛwɔ yɛn po mu. Plastic efi yɛ ɛpo mu nneɛma a ɛfiri nsuo a ɛwɔ soro kɔsi po a emu dɔ mu nsuo nyinaa mu 80%. Esiane sɛ plastic yɛ hare nti, wohu efi yi mu dodow no ara wɔ po no ani ne nea atwa ho ahyia, nanso mprempren wohu plastic nwura ne nneɛma nketenkete wɔ po ne asase so atrae dodow no ara, a po a emu dɔ, Atare akɛse, akorade, mpoano, nsubɔnten, ne asubɔnten ano ka ho . Po ase nsuten yɛ mmeae a ɛho hia a wɔboaboa ano nso, na ɛboa ma nneɛma a ɛte saa no kɔ po a emu dɔ mu.[34] Adanse a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara a ɛkyerɛ sɛ po mu plastic haw no ne nwura a ɛboaboa ano wɔ mmeae a gyre no. Gyre yɛ ɛpo mu nsuo a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a Asase mframa nhyehyɛeɛ ne tumi a okyinnsoromma no di akɔneaba de ba.[35] Po mu gyres atitiriw anum na ɛwɔ hɔ: Pacific Atifi ne Kesee Fam Subtropical Gyres, Atifi ne Anafo Atlantic Subtropical Gyres, ne India Po no Subtropical Gyre. Nwura a ɛho hia wɔ eyinom mu biara mu[36]

Ɛpo mu mmoa betumi awe plastic nwura akɛse , na ahyɛ wɔn yafunu ma na ama wɔagye adi sɛ wɔayɛ ma bere a nokwarem no, wɔannom biribiara a ɛsom bo wɔ aduannuru mu no. Eyi betumi ama po mu nnomaa, whale, mpataa, ne mpɔtorɔ awuwu wɔ ɔkɔm mu a wɔn yafunu ayɛ plastic ma. Po mu mmoa nso betumi amene anaasɛ wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ plastic nwura mu.[2]

Macroplastic nwura betumi abubu betumi ayɛ wim tebea asinasin nketenkete a ɛyɛ plastic asɛe, a wonim no sɛ microplastics bere a ne kɛse sua sen 5mm. Owia hann, ɔhyew, ɔhyew, asorɔkye, ne mframa fi ase bubu plastic no mu asinasin nketenkete a ne tenten nnu milimita anum. Nkwammoaa nketewa nso betumi abubu plastic a wobedi plastic mu nneɛma a asɛe, abubu no nketenkete, na wɔayi saa plastic nketenkete yi afi mu anaasɛ wɔteɛteɛm gu mu. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ lab mu no, wohui sɛ amphipods a wɔyɛ Orchestia gammarellus no tumi we plastic bag asinasin ntɛmntɛm, na wɔpaapae kotoku biako mu ma ɛyɛ asinasin nketenkete ɔpepem 1.75.[37] Ɛwom sɛ plastic no abubu de, nanso ɛda so ara yɛ ade a nnipa ayɛ a ɛnsɛe bio. Wɔbu akontaa sɛ bɛyɛ 90% a ɛwɔ plastic a ɛwɔ pelagic po mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu no yɛ microplastics.[35] Nneɛma titiriw a wonya fi microplastics te sɛ microbeads ne nurdles nso wɔ hɔ. Ɛpo mu mmoawa a wɔwɔ aduan no ase te sɛ plankton ne mpataa nwansena taa di saa plastic nketenkete yi, na ɛma plastic a wɔanom no dɔɔso kɔ aduan no mu. Wɔde nnuru a awuduru wom na ɛyɛ plastic, enti saa nneɛma a awuduru wom yi hyɛn po mu aduan mu, a mpataa a nnipa binom di ka ho.[37]

Nneɛma ahorow a wonya fi mu ne dodow a wonya

[sesa]

Plastic nwura a ɛkɔ po mu no renya nkɔanim afe biara a plastic a ɛkɔ po mu no mu dodow no ara yɛ nneɛma nketenkete a ennu milimita 5[38] Ɛde besi afe 2016 no, wɔbuu akontaa sɛ plastic efi bɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 150 na ɛwɔ wiase po mu, a wɔbu akontaa sɛ ɛbɛkɔ soro akodu tɔn ɔpepem 250 wɔ afe 2025 mu.[39] Nhwehwɛmu foforɔ bi nso bu akontaa sɛ wɔ afe 2012 mu no, na ɛyɛ bɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 165.[40] Wɔ afe 2020 mu no, nhwehwɛmu bi hunuu sɛ plastic Po no mu bɛyɛ mmɔho du sene sɛdeɛ na wɔsusu kane no[41] Plastik efi biako a ɛso sen biara (~10%) ne plastic akɛse dodow no ara a ɛwɔ po mu no yɛ nea wɔtow gu na ɛyera asau fi mpataayi adwuma mu.[42]

Ocean Conservancy bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, ne Vietnam tow plastic pii gu po mu sen aman afoforo nyinaa a wɔaka abom.[43]

Nhwehwɛmu bi bu akontaa sɛ plastic asinasin bɛboro ɔpepepem 5 (a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ microplastics nketewa, microplastics akɛse, meso- ne macroplastics akuw anan) na ɛsensɛn po so.[44] Wɔ afe 2020 mu no, wɔsusuu foforɔ mu no, wɔhunuu plastic a ɛboro mmɔho 10 wɔ Atlantic Po no mu sene sɛdeɛ na wɔbuu akontaa kane sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ.[45][46]

Wɔ October 2019 mu, berɛ a nhwehwɛmu kyerɛɛ sɛ ɛpo mu plastic efi kɛseɛ firi Chinafoɔ po so ahyɛn a wɔde fa nneɛma mu no,[47] Ocean Cleanup kasamafoɔ bi kaa sɛ: "Obiara ka po a wɔbɛgye ho asɛm denam plastic bag, nwura ne nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma pɛnkoro a wɔbɛgyae. Ɛno ho hia." , nanso sɛ yɛde yɛn ani kyerɛ po so a, ɛnyɛ ɛno ne nea yehu."[48]

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ plastic a ɛyɛ fi a ɛde efi ba po mu nsuo a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 5.6 no 20% fi po mu. MARPOL, amanaman ntam apam, "bara koraa sɛ wɔbɛtow plastic agu po so".[49][50] Aguadi po so ahyɛn tu nneɛma, efi, nnuruyɛ nnwinnade a wɔde adi dwuma, ne nwura ahorow afoforo a plastic wom gu po mu. Wɔ United States no, Po mu Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 bara sɛ wɔmfa plastic nkɔ po mu, a po so ahyɛn ka ho.[51][52] Po so asraafo ne nhwehwɛmu ahyɛn tow nwura ne asraafo nnwinnade a wobu no sɛ ɛho nhia no gu. Anigyede mfiri gyae mpataayi nneɛma ne nwura ahorow afoforo, wɔ akwanhyia mu anaasɛ ɛnam anibiannaso a wɔde di ho dwuma so. Po so a ɛde plastic efi ba kɛse ne mpataayi nneɛma a wɔtow gu (a afiri ne asau ka ho), a wobu akontaa sɛ ɛbɛyɛ plastic asɛe 90% wɔ mmeae bi[53][54]

Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so

[sesa]
  1. ↑ Weisman, Alan (2007). The World Without Us. St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0312347291.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Marine plastic pollution". IUCN. November 2021. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  3. ↑ "Nanoplastics in snow: The extensive impact of plastic pollution". Open Access Government. 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  4. ↑ Jang, Y. C.; Lee, J.; Hong, S.; Choi, H. W.; Shim, W. J.; Hong, S. Y. (2015). "Estimating the global inflow and stock of plastic marine debris using material flow analysis: a preliminary approach". Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy. 18 (4): 263–273. doi:10.7846/JKOSMEE.2015.18.4.263.
  5. ↑ "The average person eats thousands of plastic particles every year, study finds". Environment. 2019-06-05. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Microplastics and Micropollutants in Water: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (Report). European Investment Bank. 2023-02-27.
  7. ↑ Yuan, Zhihao; Nag, Rajat; Cummins, Enda (2022-06-01). "Human health concerns regarding microplastics in the aquatic environment – From marine to food systems". Science of the Total Environment. 823: 153730. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.823o3730Y. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153730. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 35143789. S2CID 246672629.
  8. ↑ García Rellan, Adriana; Vazquez Ares, Diego; Vazquez Brea, Constantino; Francisco López, Ahinara; Bello Bugallo, Pastora M. (2023-01-01). "Sources, sinks and transformations of plastics in our oceans: Review, management strategies and modelling". Science of the Total Environment. 854: 158745. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.854o8745G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158745. hdl:10347/29404. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 36108857. S2CID 252251921.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics". UNEP – UN Environment Programme. 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  10. ↑ Wright, Pam (6 June 2017). "UN Ocean Conference: Plastics Dumped In Oceans Could Outweigh Fish by 2050, Secretary-General Says". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  11. ↑ Ostle, Clare; Thompson, Richard C.; Broughton, Derek; Gregory, Lance; Wootton, Marianne; Johns, David G. (2019). "The rise in ocean plastics evidenced from a 60-year time series". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1622. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1622O. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09506-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6467903. PMID 30992426.
  12. ↑ "Research | AMRF/ORV Alguita Research Projects". Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-05-04. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  13. ↑ "Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-12. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  14. ↑ "Six pack rings hazard to wildlife". helpwildlife.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13.
  15. ↑ "Marine Litter: More Than A Mess". Fact Sheets. Louisiana Fisheries. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  16. ↑ "'Ghost fishing' killing seabirds". BBC News. 28 June 2007.
  17. ↑ Efferth, Thomas; Paul, Norbert W. (November 2017). "Threats to human health by great ocean garbage patches". The Lancet Planetary Health. 1 (8): e301–e303. doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30140-7. ISSN 2542-5196. PMID 29628159.
  18. ↑ Gibbs, Susan E.; Salgado Kent, Chandra P.; Slat, Boyan; Morales, Damien; Fouda, Leila; Reisser, Julia (9 April 2019). "Cetacean sightings within the Great Pacific Garbage Patch". Marine Biodiversity. 49 (4): 2021–2027. Bibcode:2019MarBd..49.2021G. doi:10.1007/s12526-019-00952-0.
  19. ↑ Jambeck, Jenna R.; Geyer, Roland; Wilcox, Chris; et al. (12 February 2015). "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" (PDF). Science. 347 (6223): 768–771. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..768J. doi:10.1126/science.1260352. PMID 25678662. S2CID 206562155. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  20. ↑ Schmidt, Christian; Krauth, Tobias; Wagner, Stephan (11 October 2017). "Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (21): 12246–12253. Bibcode:2017EnST...5112246S. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 29019247. The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea
  21. ↑ Harald Franzen (30 November 2017). "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 18 December 2018. It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).
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  43. ↑ Hannah Leung (21 April 2018). "Five Asian Countries Dump More Plastic into Oceans Than Anyone Else Combined: How You Can Help". Forbes. Retrieved 23 June 2019. China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are dumping more plastic into oceans than the rest of the world combined, according to a 2017 report by Ocean Conservancy
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  45. ↑ Pabortsava, Katsiaryna; Lampitt, Richard S. (2020-08-18). "High concentrations of plastic hidden beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 4073. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.4073P. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17932-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7434887. PMID 32811835.
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  47. ↑ Ryan, Peter G.; Dilley, Ben J.; Ronconi, Robert A.; Connan, Maëlle (2019). "Rapid increase in Asian bottles in the South Atlantic Ocean indicates major debris inputs from ships". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (42): 20892–20897. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11620892R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909816116. PMC 6800376. PMID 31570571.
  48. ↑ "Multimedia". 27 February 2012.
  49. ↑ Muhammad Taufan (26 January 2017). "Oceans of Plastic: Fixing Indonesia's Marine Debris Pollution Laws". The Diplomat. Retrieved 20 December 2018. MARPOL Annex V contains regulations on vessel-borne garbage and its disposal. It sets limit on what may be disposed at sea and imposes a complete ban on the at-sea disposal of plastics.
  50. ↑ Stephanie B. Borrelle; Chelsea M. Rochman; Max Liboiron; Alexander L. Bond; Amy Lusher; Hillary Bradshaw; and Jennifer F. Provencher (19 September 2017). "Opinion: Why we need an international agreement on marine plastic pollution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (38): 9994–9997. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.9994B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1714450114. PMC 5617320. PMID 28928233. the 1973 Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL), is an international agreement that addresses plastic pollution. MARPOL, which bans ships from dumping plastic at sea
  51. ↑ Derraik, José G.B. (September 2002). "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 44 (99): 842–852. Bibcode:2002MarPB..44..842D. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5. PMID 12405208. In the USA, for instance, the Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 not only adopted Annex V, but also extended its application to US Navy vessels
  52. ↑ Craig S. Alig; Larry Koss; Tom Scarano; Fred Chitty (1990). "Control of Plastic Wastes Aboard Naval Ships at Sea" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ProceedingsoftheSecondInternational Conference on Marine Debris, 2–7 April 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Retrieved 20 December 2018. The U.S. Navy is taking a proactive approach to comply with the prohibition on the at-sea discharge of plastics mandated by the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987
  53. ↑ Hammer, J; Kraak, MH; Parsons, JR (2012). "Plastics in the Marine Environment: The Dark Side of a Modern Gift". Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 220. pp. 1–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1. ISBN 978-1461434139. PMID 22610295. S2CID 5842747.
  54. ↑ Burt, April J.; Raguain, Jeremy; Sanchez, Cheryl; Brice, Jude; Fleischer-Dogley, Frauke; Goldberg, Rebecca; Talma, Sheena; Syposz, Martyna; Mahony, Josephine; Letori, Jake; Quanz, Christina; Ramkalawan, Sam; Francourt, Craig; Capricieuse, Ivan; Antao, Ash (2020-09-10). "The costs of removing the unsanctioned import of marine plastic litter to small island states". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 14458. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71444-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7483532. PMID 32913284.
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