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Tanzania

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United Republic of Tanzania
Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania (Swahili)
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: "Uhuru na Umoja" (Swahili)
"Freedom and Unity"
Nyimbo: "Mungu ibariki Afrika"
"God Bless Africa"
Location of Tanzania (dark green) in eastern Africa
Location of Tanzania (dark green) in eastern Africa
Location of Tanzania (dark green) in eastern Africa
Map of Tanzania
Map of Tanzania
Map of Tanzania
Msumba WabomaDodoma
Msumba usani Dar es Salaam
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
National language Swahili[1]
Other languages Over 100 languages, including (1m+):
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu Over 100 ethnic groups
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Tanzanian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary dominant-party presidential republic
 -  President Samia Suluhu Hassan
 -  Vice-President Philip Mpango
 -  Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa
 -  Speaker Tulia Ackson
 -  Chief Justice Ibrahim Hamis Juma
Independence from the United Kingdom, the German Empire and the Omani Empire
 -  Tanganyika 9 December 1961 
 -  Zanzibar 10 December 1963 
 -  Merger 26 April 1964 
 -  Current constitution 25 April 1977 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 947,303 km2 (30th)
365,756[2] sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 6.4[2]
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 census 61,741,120[3]
 -  Density 47.5/km2 (157th)
123.1/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$207.5 billion [4] (72nd)
 -  Per capita Increase $3,374 [4] (161th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$76.5 [4] billion (76th)
 -  Per capita Increase$1,245[4] (164th)
Gini (2017)Negative increase 40.5[5]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.549[6]
medium ·160th
Ndalama Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Mtundu Wanyengo East Africa Time (UTC+3)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto left
ISO 3166 code TZ
Intaneti yacharu .tz

Tanzania ntchalo icho chili kumpoto cha kumafumilo ya zuba ya chalo cha Malaŵi. Chalo ichi kumpoto kwake kuli chalo cha Kenya, kumafumilo ya zuba yakhe kuli nyanja ya mchele ya Indian Ocean ndipo ku mwela kwake kuli chalo cha Moçambique. Chalo ichi chili na vinyama vinandi.

Mbiri

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Mbiri ya Tanzania
Chiŵiya chakudumura malibwe icho chili na vyaka 1.8 miliyoni, icho ŵakasanga ku Olduvai Gorge ndipo ŵali kuchiŵika ku British Museum

Kale

[lemba | kulemba source]

Charu cha Tanzania nchimoza mwa vyaru vyakale comene pa caru capasi. Viwangwa vya ŵanthu na vyamoyo vinyake vya ŵanthu vikaŵako mu nyengo ya Quaternary. Olduvai Gorge, mu Ngorongoro Conservation Area, UNESCO World Heritage Site, yili na vinthu ivyo vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu ivi.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Africa ŵakughanaghana kuti mbanthu ŵa ku ŵaHadza na ŵaSandawe ŵa ku Tanzania. [7]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku South Kushitic ndiwo ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Ethiopia na Somalia kuya ku Tanzania. Ŵanthu aŵa mbakufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Iraqi, Gorowa, na Burunge. Kuyana na maukaboni gha chiyowoyero, ŵanthu ŵa ku East Cushitic ŵakaluta ku Tanzania vyaka 4,000 na 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha. [7]

Ukaboni wa vinthu vyakusangika kale ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Nilotes, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Datooga, ŵakasamira kumwera kufuma ku chigaŵa icho sono ni mphaka pakati pa South Sudan na Ethiopia. [7]

Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Nyanja ya Victoria na Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Ŵakiza na mitheto ya vyakumera mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵakafumamo mu vigaŵa ivi na kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Tanzania pakati pa vyaka 2,300 na 1,700 ivyo vyajumpha. [7]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Nilotic, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Masai, ndiwo ŵakasama kufuma ku South Sudan mu vyaka 500 m'paka 1,500 ivyo vyajumpha. [7][8]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakugwira nchito ya kupanga visulo na visulo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Pare ndiwo ŵakapanganga visulo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Tanzania. [9] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Haya awo ŵakakhalanga ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Victoria ŵakapanga ng'anjo ya moto, iyo yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵapangenge visulo vya karboni pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa kotcha chomene. [10]

Ŵalendo na ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku Persian Gulf na India ŵakalutanga ku East Africa kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. [11] Chisimu aŵala ŵaŵaliji pa chilambo cha Swahili, ŵaŵaliji pa chilambocho ikaŵeje m'ma 700 kapena 800 AD. [12]

Vyaka vyapakati

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiBantu ŵakazenga mizi yakulimira na kuguliska vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tanzania kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Vinthu vyakusangika ku Fukuchani, kumpoto kwa Zanzibar, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha m'ma 600 C.E. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikasangika pa malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵakazenga nyumba za mathabwa. Pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu pa mtunda utali chomene yayi. Ŵakasanga vinthu vichoko waka vyakuzengera ku charu chinyake. Kuyana kwa malo agha na malo ghanyake nga ni Mkokotoni na Dar es Salaam, kukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Vikuwoneka kuti misumba iyi yikachitanga malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na mu Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., malonda ghakalutilira kukura ndipo kuumaliro wa m'ma 900 C.E., Zanzibar yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. [13]

Kukula kwa sitima za ku Egypt na Persian kufuma ku Nyanja Yiswesi na Persian Gulf kukakhozga malonda gha ku Indian Ocean, comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti Fatimid Caliphate yikasamukira ku Fustat (Cairo). Ŵalimi ŵa Chiswahili ŵakazenga mizi yinandi kuti ŵaguliskane vinthu. Ufumu wa Venda-Shona wa Mapungubwe na Zimbabwe mu South Africa na Zimbabwe, vikamba kupanga golide mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Ufumu wa Kilwa ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa vya cuma, vya ŵanthu, na vya cisopa. Kilwa wakaŵa na vipata vichoko ivyo vikafika m'paka ku Mozambique. Sofala wakazgoka malo ghakurughakuru ghakusungirako golide ndipo Kilwa wakazgoka musambazi cifukwa ca malonda agha. Ku mpoto kwa charu ichi ndiko kukaŵa Mombasa na Malindi. Kilwa ndiyo yikaŵa boma likuru comene ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mpaka apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza ku Africa kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1400. [14]

Mu chaka cha 1954, Julius Nyerere wakasintha gulu ili kuŵa gulu la ndyali la Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Cakulinga cikuru ca TANU cikaŵa cakuti Tanganyika yiŵe na wanangwa wa kuwusa. Ŵakapanga kampeni yakulembeska ŵanthu ŵaphya, ndipo mu caka cimoza, TANU yikazgoka gulu likuru la ndyali mu caru ici. Nyerere wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Tanganyika mu 1960 ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru mu 1961 apo Tanganyika yikajiyimira yekha. [15]

Koloni

[lemba | kulemba source]
Chithunzi cha 1572 cha mzinda wa Kilwa, malo a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pakukhumba malo agha, Sultan wa Oman Said bin Sultan wakasamuskira msumba wake ku Zanzibar City mu 1840. Mu nyengo iyi, Zanzibar yikazgoka malo ghakusangirako ŵazga ŵa ku East Africa. [16] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakaŵa pakati pa 65 na 90 peresenti. [17] Yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku East Africa wakaŵa Tippu Tip, uyo wakaŵa muzukuru wa munthu wa ku Africa uyo wakaŵa muzga. Ŵanthu ŵa Nyamwezi ŵakendanga na ŵazga awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Msiri na Mirambo. [18] Kuyana na Timothy Insoll, "Vikulongora kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga 718 000 ŵakatolekera ku vyaru vinyake kufuma ku Swahili, ndipo 769,000 ŵakasungika ku vyaru vinyake". [19] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵazga ŵakalekeka. [20]

Nkhondo ya Maji Maji Rebellion yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa German East Africa mu 1905.

Mu 1863, gulu la Holy Spirit Mission likakhazikiska malo ghakwambilira gha kupokelera ŵalendo mu Zanzibar. Mu 1877, pakulondezga ivyo Henry Morton Stanley wakacita apo wakaluta ku Africa, ndipo Themba Mutessa I la Buganda likamuzomerezga Stanley, mpingo wa Church Missionary Society ukatuma ŵamishonale Edward John Baxter na Henry Cole kuti ŵakhazikiske maofesi gha mu caru. [21][22][23] Mu 1885, Germany yikathereska vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Tanzania (kwambura Zanzibar) na kuviŵika mu German East Africa (GEA). [24] Pa 7 Meyi 1919, khoti likuru la Paris Peace Conference likapeleka GEA yose ku Britain, nangauli Belgium yikaŵasuska. Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alfred Milner, and Belgium's minister to the conference, Pierre Orts, then negotiated the Anglo-Belgian agreement of 30 May 1919 Mulembi wa boma wa Britain wakuwona vya maboma, Alfred Milner, na nduna ya Belgium yakuwona vya maboma, Pierre Orts, ŵakadumbiskana za phangano la Anglo-Belgian la 30 May 1919 Apo Britain yikapeleka vigaŵa vya kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa GEA vya Ruanda na Urundi ku Belgium. [25] Komiti Yakulaŵilira Malango ya ungano uwu yikazomerezga phangano ili pa Julayi 16, 1919. [25] Pa Ogasiti 7, 1919, Khoti Likuru Chomene likazomera phangano ili. [26] Pa Julayi 12, 1919, Komiti ya Mandates yikakolerana kuti chigaŵa chichoko cha Kionga Triangle kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rovuma chipelekekenge ku Mozambique. [25] Komiti iyi yikati mu 1894, caru ca Germany cikacicizga caru ca Portugal kuti cipeleke malo agha. [25] Phangano la Versailles likalembeka pa 28 Juni 1919, kweni likamba kugwira ntchito pa 10 Janyuwale 1920. Pa zuŵa ili, boma la Britain, Belgium, na Portugal ndilo likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kweniso pa zuŵa ili, "Tanganyika" likazgoka zina la caru ca Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kulamulira charu cha Tanzania. [27]

Chigaluka cha Maji-Maji, pakati pa 1905 na 1907, chikaŵa chigaluka cha mafuko ghanandi gha ku Africa mu German East Africa kwimikana na maboma gha maboma gha vyaru vinyake. Ŵakaŵasuzga comene, ndipo pamoza na njara, ŵanthu 300,000 ŵakafwa. [28]

Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵanthu pafupifupi 100,000 ŵakufuma ku Tanganyika ŵakanjira usilikari. [29] Ndipo ŵakaŵa pakati pa Ŵafrika 375,000 awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari aŵa. [30] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵakarwa mu gulu la King's African Rifles mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa ku Somalia na Ethiopia ku Abyssinia, ku Madagascar ku Vichy French mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Madagascar, na ku Burma ku Japan mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Burma. [30] Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi chomene mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵa zinandi chomene pakuyaniska na izo ŵakaguliskanga pambere nkhondo yindambe. [29] Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora comene mu cigaŵa ici. [31]

Mu 1954, Julius Nyerere wakasintha wupu uwu kuŵa gulu la ndyali la Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Cakulinga cikuru ca TANU cikaŵa cakuti Tanganyika yiŵe na mazaza. Ŵakapanga kampeni yakulembeska ŵanthu ŵaphya, ndipo mu caka cimoza, TANU yikazgoka gulu likuru la ndyali mu caru ici. Nyerere wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Tanganyika mu 1960 ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru mu 1961 apo Tanganyika yikajiyimira yekha. [32]

Mazuŵa Ghano

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ufumu wa Britain ukamara pa Disembala 9, 1961. Elizabeth II, uyo wakakhala pa chitengo cha ufumu wa Britain mu 1952, wakalutilira kuwusa mu chaka chakwamba cha kujithemba kwa Tanganyika, kweni sono ni Fumukazi ya Tanganyika, ndipo wakuyimilirika na kazembe mukuru. Mu 1961, charu cha Tanganyika nacho chikaŵa mu wupu wa British Commonwealth. Pa Disembala 9, 1962, charu cha Tanganyika chikazgoka charu cha demokilase icho chikaŵa na pulezidenti.

Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Zanzibar komwe kunagwetsa ufumu wachiarabu ku Zanzibar yoyandikana nayo, limodzi ndi kuphedwa kwa zikwizikwi za Aarabu a Zanzibar, [33] chirwa ichi chikajiyimira paŵekha mu 1963, ndipo chikasazgikana na charu cha Tanganyika pa 26 Epulero 1964. [34] Kufuma apo, caru ciphya ici cikacemeka United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. [35][36] Pa Okutobala 29 wa chaka chenechichi, charu ichi chikachemeka United Republic of Tanzania ("Tan" kufuma ku Tanganyika na "Zan" kufuma ku Zanzibar). Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chakususkana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zanzibar (nanga ni awo ŵakakolerana na chipani ichi) kweni boma la Nyerere na boma la Zanzibar ŵakazomera chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakakolerana.

Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Tanganyika chajiyimira pawekha na kuwungana na charu cha Zanzibar kuti chiŵe charu cha Tanzania, Pulezidenti Nyerere wakadidimizga kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chiphya ŵamanye umo charu chawo chiliri. Kuti ivi vicitike, Nyerere wakapeleka ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake na kusintha zina lawo mu Africa. [37] Ku Tanzania kuli viyowoyero vyakujumpha 130. Nangauli pakaŵa suzgo ili, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene mu Tanzania pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene Kenya. Kweniso kufuma apo charu cha Tanzania chikapokera wanangwa wake, chikaŵa na mtende wa ndyali kuluska vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. [38]

Chipilala cha Chipharazgo cha Arusha

Mu chaka cha 1967, boma la Nyerere likamba kughanaghana vya ndyali za kumalyero pamanyuma pa chikalata cha Arusha, icho chikalembapo za socialism kweniso pan-Africanism. Pamanyuma pa pharazgo ili, mabanki na mafakitale ghanandi ghakaŵa gha boma.

Charu cha Tanzania chikakolerana na charu cha China, icho kufuma mu 1970 m'paka mu 1975 chikapeleka ndalama na kovwira kuzenga njanji ya TAZARA ya makilomita 1,860 kufuma ku Dar es Salaam m'paka ku Zambia. [39] Ndipouli, kwamba m'ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Tanzania chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likaŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana.

Kulemba mabuku

[lemba | kulemba source]

Malo agha ghakukwana makilomita 947,303, [2] Charu cha Tanzania chili pa nambara 13 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa ndipo pa nambara 31 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi. [40] Charu ichi chili kumpoto na Kenya na Uganda, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Rwanda, Burundi, na Democratic Republic of Congo, ndipo kumwera na Zambia, Malawi, na Mozambique. Charu cha Tanzania chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. [41] Mu charu ichi muli virwa vinandi nga ni Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, na Mafia. Charu ichi chili na malo ghapachanya na ghachoko chomene mu Africa: Phiri la Kilimanjaro, ilo lili pa mamita 5,895 (mamita 19,341) pachanya pa nyanja, na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yili pa mamita 1,471 (mamita 4,826) pachanya pa nyanja.

Kusamalika kwa viyuni vyamuthondo mu Serengeti

Charu cha Tanzania chili na mapiri ghanandi kweniso nkhorongo kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Viziŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu vya mu Africa vili mu Tanzania. Kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Nyanja ya Victoria, nyanja yikuru comene mu Africa, na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, nyanja yakunyang'amira comene mu Africa. Kumwera kwa nyanja iyi kuli Nyanja ya Nyasa. Charu chapakati cha Tanzania chili na mapiri ghakuru na malo ghakutowa. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi ni yakuzizima na yakututuŵa, ndipo mumphepete mwa nyanja muli virwa vya Zanzibar.

Kalambo Falls mu chigaŵa cha kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Rukwa ni maji ghaŵiri ghatali chomene mu Africa, ndipo ghali pafupi na nyanja ya Tanganyika. [42] Malo ghakuvikilirika gha Menai Bay ni malo ghakuru chomene ku Zanzibar.

Umoyo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Tanzania mapu of Köppen climate classification

Nyengo ya mu Tanzania yikupambana chomene. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, mu nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima, matenthedwe ghakuŵa pakati pa 10 na 20 °C. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, matenthe ghakukhizga chomene yayi. Nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikuŵa pakati pa Novembala na Febuluwale (25°C panji 77.0°F) apo nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikuŵa pakati pa Meyi na Ogasiti (15°C panji 59°F). Kutentha kwa pachaka ndi 20 °C (68.0 °F). Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli mphepo yakuzizima.

Kusintha kwa nyengo ku Tanzania kukupangiska kuti vula yambe kuwa chomene (kukaŵa na maji ghanandi) kweniso kukaŵa chilangalanga. [43][44] Kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska kale vyalo vya Tanzania nga ni ulimi, maji, umoyo na nkhongono. Kuwuka kwa nyanja na kusintha kwa umo maji ghakukhalira vikukhwaska somba na vyakumera. [45]

Charu cha Tanzania chikapanga National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) mu chaka cha 2007 nga umo chikalembeka na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Mu 2012, charu cha Tanzania chikapanga ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa cha kufipa mtima na umo vinthu vyasinthira pa charu. [46]

Vinyama vyamuthondo na kuvikilira

[lemba | kulemba source]
Chilombo cha Masai ndi chinyama cha dziko la Tanzania

Ku Tanzania kuli vinyama vinandi vya ndopa zakotcha ivyo vili na viŵaro pafupifupi 20 pa viŵaro vyose vya mu Africa. Malo agha ghakukwana makilomita ghakujumpha 42,000 ndipo ghakukwana 38 peresenti ya charu ichi. [47] Ku Tanzania kuli malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo 21, [48] Kweniso kuli malo ghakupambanapambana gha vinyama na nkhorongo, kusazgapo malo gha Ngorongoro Conservation Area, kweni pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu Ngorongoro ndipo ŵakukhumba kunanga malo. Ku Tanzania kumanjiliro gha dazi, Gombe Stream National Park ndiko Jane Goodall wakambira kusambira za kachitiro ka chimpanzees. [49][50]

Ku Tanzania kuli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. [51] Mu malo gha Serengeti ku Tanzania, kuli viyuni vinyake nga ni viyuni vyamuthondo (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) na viyuni vinyake nga ni mbuzi (zebra) [52] Ŵakuchitako ulendo ukuru wa pa chaka. Mu charu cha Tanzania muli vyamoyo vyakujumpha 130 vya viyuni vya amphibian na vyamoyo vyakujumpha 275 vya vinyama ivyo vikukhwaŵa. [53] Ku Tanzania ndiko kuli nkharamu zinandi comene pa caru cose. [54]

Charu cha Tanzania chikaŵa na chiŵerengero cha 7.13/10 pa vyaru 172. [55]

Ukaboni

[lemba | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Tanzania". Ethnologue. SIL International.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 ""Basic Facts and Figures on Human Settlements, 2012", National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania Ministry of Finance, 2013, page 1. Retrieved 10 November 2014".
  3. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2022_census
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  5. ↑ "Gini Index coefficient". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  6. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J. M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
  8. ↑ Martin, Phyllis; O'Meara, Patrick (1995). Africa. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20984-9.
  9. ↑ Shoup, John A. (2011). Ethnic groups of Africa and the Middle East : an encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0.
  10. ↑ Schmidt, P.; Avery, D.H. (1978). "Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania". Science. 201 (4361): 1085–89. Bibcode:1978Sci...201.1085S. doi:10.1126/science.201.4361.1085. PMID 17830304. S2CID 37926350.
  11. ↑ Shillington, Kevin (2013). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 1510. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
  12. ↑ "The Story of Africa". BBC World Service.
  13. ↑ Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 46.
  14. ↑ Campbell, Gwyn. "Africa and the Indian Ocean World from Early Times to Circa 1900." Cambridge University Press. 2019
  15. ↑ Mulenga, Derek C. (November 2001). "Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism". International Journal of Lifelong Education. 20 (6): 446–470. doi:10.1080/02601370110088436. ISSN 0260-1370. S2CID 143740319.
  16. ↑ "Slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  17. ↑ "Slave societies". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  18. ↑ "The Story of Africa |BBC World Service". BBC.
  19. ↑ Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7.
  20. ↑ "On The Zanzibar Map: Spices, Slaves And A Bit Of History". 17 February 2015.
  21. ↑ Middleton, Dorothy (6 May 2022). "Henry Morton Stanley". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  22. ↑ Johnson, Hildergard Binder (1967). "The Locations of Christian Missions in Africa". Geographical Review. Taylor and Francis Ltd. 57 (2): 168–202. doi:10.2307/213158. JSTOR 213158. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  23. ↑ "Europeans In East Africa - View entry". www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  24. ↑ Fall, Makhete (2016). Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers' Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902–1912 (Thesis). West Virginia University Libraries. doi:10.33915/etd.5569.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 William Roger Louis (2006). Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-347-6. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  26. ↑ "PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919". United States Department of State. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  27. ↑ Liebenow, J. Gus (1956). "Responses to Planned Political Change in a Tanganyika Tribal Group". American Political Science Review (in English). 50 (2): 447–448. doi:10.2307/1951678. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1951678. S2CID 144390538.
  28. ↑ John Iliffe, "The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion" The Journal of African History, pp. 495–512
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Heale, Jay; Wong, Winnie (2010). Tanzania. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-3417-7.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "African participants in the Second World War". mgtrust.org.
  31. ↑ "Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916–1945)". eisa.org.za. Archived 4 Febuluwale 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Mulenga, Derek C. (November 2001). "Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism". International Journal of Lifelong Education. 20 (6): 446–470. doi:10.1080/02601370110088436. ISSN 0260-1370. S2CID 143740319.
  33. ↑ "Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds". BBC News. 25 July 2009.
  34. ↑ "Background history of The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar" (PDF). Vice President's Office, United Republic of Tanzania. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 Janyuwale 2013. Retrieved 25 Epulelo 2013.
  35. ↑ "The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed United Republic of Tanzania". South African History Online. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  36. ↑ "United Republic of Tanzania : History". Commonwealth.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  37. ↑ Pierre Englebert and Kevin C. Dunn, "Inside African Politics" 2013: 81
  38. ↑ Henry Bienen and John Waterbury, "World Development Vol 17", 1989: 100
  39. ↑ Monson, Jamie (2009). Africa's Freedom Railway: How a Chinese Development Project Changed Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-253-35271-2.
  40. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook – Rank Order – Area". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  41. ↑ "Country review: United Republic of Tanzania". Fisheries and Aquaculture Depart, United Nations. (FAO). December 2003.
  42. ↑ Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalambo-Falls. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |name= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ "Tanzania". Climatelinks (in English). Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  44. ↑ Future Climate for Africa (2017). "Future Climate Projections for Tanzania" (PDF). Future Climate for Africa.
  45. ↑ "Tanzania | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation". www.adaptation-undp.org (in English). Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  46. ↑ "Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net". preventionweb.net. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  47. ↑ Laher, Ridwan; SingíOei, Korir (2014). Indigenous People in Africa.: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights. Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7983-0464-1.
  48. ↑ "Home". Tanzania National Parks. Archived from the original on 6 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 16 Okutobala 2014.
  49. ↑ "Gombe Stream National Park". Tanzania National Parks. Archived from the original on 4 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 16 Okutobala 2014.
  50. ↑ Riley, Laura; Riley, William (2005). Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12219-9.
  51. ↑ S. N. Stuart; Jenkins, Martin (1990). Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use. IUCN. p. 204. ISBN 978-2-8317-0021-2.
  52. ↑ "Serengeti wildebeest migration". Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  53. ↑ Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) "Introduction" Archived 16 Julayi 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11
  54. ↑ Arusha, Edward Qorro in (12 August 2019). "Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says". allAfrica.com.
  55. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
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