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Burundi

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Coordinates: 3°30′S 30°00′E / 3.500°S 30.000°E / -3.500; 30.000
Kufuma Wikipedia

Charu cha Burundi
  • Repuburika y’Uburundi (Kirundi)
  • République du Burundi (French)
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: 
  • "Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Amajambere" (Kirundi)
  • "Unité, Travail, Progrès" (French)
  • "Union, Work, Progress" (English)
Nyimbo: Burundi Bwacu (Kirundi)
Our Burundi
[[File:
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Msumba WabomaGitega (political) Bujumbura (economic)[lower-alpha 1]
Msumba usani Bujumbura
Official languages
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2018[1])
  • 85% Hutu
  • 14% Tutsi
  • 1% Twa
  • ~3,000 Europeans
  • ~2,000 South Asians
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Burundian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary dominant-party presidential republic
 -  President Évariste Ndayishimiye
 -  Vice President Prosper Bazombanza
 -  Prime Minister Gervais Ndirakobuca
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house National Assembly
Establishment history
 -  Kingdom[2] 1680–1966 
 -  Part of German East Africa 1890–1916 
 -  Part of Ruanda-Urundi 1916–1962 
 -  Independence from Belgium 1 July 1962 
 -  Republic 28 November 1966 
 -  Current constitution 17 May 2018 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 27,834 km2[3] (142)
10,747 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 10[4]
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 estimate 12,574,571 [5] (77th)
 -  2008 census 8,053,574[3]
 -  Density 451.8/km2 (31st)
1,170.2/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$10.8 billion [6] (164th)
 -  Per capita Increase $865 [6] (193rd)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$3.6 billion [6] (173rd)
 -  Per capita Increase$292[6] (192nd)
Gini (2013)39.2[7]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.426[8]
low ·187th
Ndalama Burundian franc (FBu) (BIF)
Mtundu Wanyengo CAT (UTC+2)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto right
Intaneti yacharu .bi

Burundi (/bəˈrʊndi/ (pulikizgani machemelo), /-ˈrʌn-/),(Kirundi: Repuburika y’Uburundi[9] [u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi]; Swahili: Jamuhuri ya Burundi; French: République du Burundi [buʁundi, byʁyndi]), ntcharu icho chili ku Great Rift Valley, pakati pa Africa na East Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na charu cha Rwanda kumpoto, Tanzania kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, na Democratic Republic of Congo kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Gitega na Bujumbura.[10]

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa, Hutu, na Tutsi ŵakhala mu Burundi kwa vilimika pafupifupi 500. Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 200, Burundi ukaŵa ufumu wakujiyimira wekha, m'paka mu ma 1900, apo ukaŵa pasi pa Germany.[11] Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara ndipo caru ca Germany cikati calekeka, wupu wa League of Nations "ukapeleka" caru ici ku Belgium. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, malo agha ghakazgoka malo gha United Nations[12]. Ŵachijeremani na ŵa ku Belgium ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Burundi na Rwanda. Ku Burundi na Rwanda kukaŵavya boma limoza m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalira mu Africa.[12]

Charu cha Burundi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1962 ndipo pakwamba chikaŵa na muwuso wa ufumu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, boma likapoka mazaza, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi. Nkhondo za mtundu, nkhondo ziŵiri za pa cikaya, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu ma 1970, na mu 1990, vikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, ndipo chuma chikalutilira kuchepa.[13]Mu chaka cha 2015 mukaŵa nkhondo yikuru ya ndyali apo Pierre Nkurunziza wakasankha kuti wazakaŵepo pa manda ghacitatu, ndipo boma likayezga kuti liŵawukire.

Ndondomeko ya ndyali ya Burundi njakuti munthu waliyose wakwimira munyake. Pulezidenti wa charu cha Burundi ni mulongozgi wa boma. Pasono mu Burundi muli vipani 21 ivyo vili kulembeka. Pa Malichi 13, 1992, Pierre Buyoya, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Ŵatutsi, wakambiska ndondomeko ya ndyali. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, pa Juni 6, 1998, dango la boma likasintha, kusazgirako mipando ya Nyumba ya Malango na kuŵikapo ŵaŵiri ŵa pulezidenti. Cifukwa ca phangano la ku Arusha, mu 2000, Burundi likakhazikiska boma la nyengo yicoko waka. Mu Okutobala 2016, Burundi yikaphalira UN kuti yikukhumba kufumamo mu khoti ili.

Charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu 2019, ŵanthu 13.4% pera ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi chikukwana 315 pa kilomita yimoza. Pafupifupi 85% ya ŵanthu aŵa mba fuko la Chihutu, 15% mba Tutsi, ndipo ŵankhondi na yumoza pera ndiwo mba fuko la Twa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Burundi ni Kirundi, Chifurenchi, na Chingelezi.

Charu cha Burundi ntchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene mu Africa, ndipo malo ghake ghanandi ghakuliskako viŵeto.[14] Kuzakafika mu 2005, caru ici cikaŵa kuti caphyoka na makuni, ndipo malo ghambura kukwana 6% ghakaŵa na makuni.

Charu cha Burundi nchikavu chomene pa charu chose, kuyana na GDP (Gross Domestic Product) pa munthu yumoza, na $292 mu 2022, ndipo ni chalo chambura kukura chomene, icho chikukumana na ukavu, vimbundi, kukhazikika yayi, mazaza, na kuleka kusambira.

Mu Burundi muli ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵakusamira ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja nchito. Lipoti la 2018 la umo ŵanthu ŵaliri ŵakukondwa pa charu chose, likati charu ichi chili pa nambara 156.[15]Charu cha Burundi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, United Nations, East African Community (EAC) na Movement of Non-Aligned.

Zina

Zina lakuti Burundi lili kufuma ku zina la Themba la Burundi, ilo likawusa chigaŵa ichi kwamba mu ma 1500. Zina ili likwenera kuti likafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ha awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi.[16]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Burundi and Ruanda-Urundi

Burundi ni chalo chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene mu sub-Saharan Africa, pamoza na caru ca Rwanda (nga ni Botswana, Lesotho, na Eswatini), ico cikulutilira na caru ca Africa ico cikaŵa pambere ufumu wandafike.[17] Ndipouli, nchakuzirwa kumanya kuti mitheto na mafuko vikusintha nyengo zose. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakasamukira ku chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo zakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa mitundu. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakakhalanga mwamtende. Nkhondo zakwamba pakati pa mafuko zikamba m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga comene.

Ufumu wa Burundi

Nkhani ikulu: Kingdom of Burundi

Ukaboni wakwamba wakuti charu cha Burundi chikaŵako ni wa kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, msumba uwu ukatandazgika na kusazgapo vyaru vinyake. Ufumu wa Burundi, panji kuti Urundi, uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, ukaŵa ufumu uwo ukawusikanga na fumu yinyake. Themba ili likalongozganga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa (ganwa) awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghanandi ndipo ŵakeneranga kupeleka msonkho ku ŵalimi (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu) na ŵaliska (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵakututsi). Ufumu wa Burundi ukaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali kweniso ndalama zinandi.[18]

Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ufumu wa Ŵatutsi ukakhozga mazaza ghake pa malo, kupanga, na kugaŵira ŵanthu vinthu. Pa nyengo iyi, nyumba ya ufumu yikaŵa ya Ŵatutsi na Ŵanyaruguru. Ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya kuluska ŵaliska ŵanyake nga ni Ŵatutsi na Ŵahima. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, ndipo ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakaŵa ŵacigaŵa ca pasi comene. Kweni vinthu vikasintha. Ŵahutu ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ndipo ŵakayowoyangapo kanthu pa umo boma likenderanga.[19]

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na wa Tutsi ŵakasankhiranga kuyana na mtundu wawo yayi. Ŵakulima Ŵahutu awo ŵakasanga usambazi na viŵeto ŵakaŵanga na udindo wapachanya kuluska Ŵakututsi. Ŵanyake ŵakazgokanga ŵalongozgi ŵa Ŵaganwa. Kweni pali nkhani zinyake izo zikulongora kuti Ŵakututsi ŵakataya viŵeto vyawo vyose ndipo pamasinda ŵakamba kuchemeka Ŵahutu. Ntheura, mphambano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi yikaŵa ya cikaya pera yayi. Kweniso pakaŵa nkhani zinandi za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na Tutsi awo ŵakatorananga. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene kulimbana na ŵamazaza kuluska mtundu wawo.[20]

Boma la Germany na Belgium

Nkhani ikulu: German East Africa and Ruanda-Urundi

Kwambira mu 1884, kampani ya German East Africa Company yikagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa vya mu Africa. Cifukwa ca kukhuŵara na mphindano za mphaka pakati pa German East Africa Company, British Empire na Sultanate of Zanzibar, Ufumu wa Germany ukaciskika kuti ulekeske kugaluka kwa Abushiri na kuvikilira vyakukhumba vya ufumu mu cigaŵa ici. Mu 1891, kampani ya German East Africa Company yikapeleka wanangwa wake ku ufumu wa Germany, ndipo mu nthowa iyi yikambiska ufumu wa German East Africa, uwo ukaŵa na vyaru nga ni Burundi (Urundi), Rwanda (Ruanda), na Tanzania. Mu ma 1880, ufumu wa Germany ukaŵika ŵasilikari mu vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi. Malo agho sono ni msumba wa Gitega ghakaŵa malo ghakulongozgera chigaŵa cha Ruanda-Urundi.[21]

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, nkhondo ya ku East Africa yikakhwaska comene cigaŵa ca Great Lakes. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Belgium na Britain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany awo ŵakaŵa ku Burundi ŵakawelera chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Belgium. Pa Juni 17, 1916, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Burundi na Rwanda ŵakamba kuwukira charu ichi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique na British Lake Force ŵakamba kupoka tawuni ya Tabora, iyo yikaŵa pakati pa chigaŵa cha German East Africa. Nkhondo yikati yamara, nga ni umo vikaŵira mu phangano la Versailles, caru ca Germany cikacicizgika kupeleka ku caru ca Belgium cigaŵa ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa German East Africa.

Pa Okutobala 20, 1924, charu cha Ruanda-Urundi, icho sono chikuchemeka Rwanda na Burundi, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Belgium. Mu vyaru vinyake, msumba uwu ukaŵa wa ufumu wa Belgian. Nangauli ku Burundi kukaŵa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe, kweni ufumu uwu ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza.[22][23]

Ndipouli, ŵa ku Belgium ŵakasungilira vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa mu ufumu uwu. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, caru ca Ruanda-Urundi cikaŵa pasi pa boma la Belgium. M'ma 1940, boma likasintha vinthu vinyake mu charu. Pa Okutobala 4, 1943, boma la Burundi likagaŵikana pakati pa vigaŵa vya ŵalara na vigaŵa vyapasi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga charu, ndipo pakaŵa vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵalara ŵa boma nawo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Mu 1948, caru ca Belgium cikapeleka wanangwa ku vigaŵa ivi kuti viŵe na magulu gha ndyali. Vyaru ivi vikawovwira kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na wanangwa wakufumako ku Belgium pa Julayi 1, 1962.

Kujiyimila

flag white saltire cross on green and red background with plant in centre white rondel
Flag of the Kingdom of Burundi (1962–1966).
flag sign at flagpole and raised plaza
Independence Square and monument in Bujumbura.

Pa Janyuwale 20, 1959, Themba Mwami Mwambutsa IV likapempha kuti charu cha Burundi chijipature ku Belgium. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, magulu gha ndyali gha ku Burundi ghakamba kukhozgera kuti boma la Belgium lileke kulamulira charu ichi na kupatura charu cha Rwanda na Burundi. Gulu lakwamba na likuru comene pa magulu agha likaŵa la Union for National Progress (UPRONA).

Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda ndiyo yikawovwira kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na wanangwa uwu. Cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakiza ku Burundi mu 1959 m'paka 1961.[24][25][26]

Pa Seputembala 8, 1961, kukaŵa mavoti ghakwamba mu Burundi ndipo chipani cha UPRONA, icho chikulongozgeka na Fumu Louis Rwagasore, chikapokera mavoti ghakujumpha 80 peresenti. Pa 13 Okutobala, Fumu Rwagasore, ya vilimika 29, yikakomeka pamanyuma pa mavoti, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Burundi ŵaleke kugomezgeka.

Charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Julayi 1, 1962, ndipo chikasintha zina lake kufuma ku Ruanda-Urundi kuya ku Burundi. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Burundi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muwuso wa fumu. Pa Seputembala 18, 1962, charu cha Burundi chikapokelereka na wupu wa United Nations.[27]

Mu 1963, Fumu Mwambutsa yikimika Pierre Ngendandumwe, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya ciHutu, kweni wakakomeka pa 15 Janyuwale 1965 na Mututsi wa ku Rwanda uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku ofesi ya wupu wa United States. Kupha uku kukacitika mu nyengo ya suzgo ya Congo apo vyaru vya ku Western ivyo vikususkana na boma la Communist vikalimbana na boma la Communist People's Republic of China apo likayezganga kupanga Burundi kuŵa malo ghakulondezgako awo ŵakususka boma la Communist. Pa maungano gha pa caru cose agho ghakacitika mu Meyi 1965, Ŵahutu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa mu nyumba ya malango, kweni Themba Mwambutsa likati lasankha Mututsi kuŵa nduna yikuru, Ŵahutu ŵanyake ŵakawona kuti ici nchambura urunji ndipo suzgo la mafuko likakura comene. Mu Okutobala 1965, ŵapolisi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Ŵahutu ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni ŵakatondeka. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Ŵatutsi, ilo likalongozgekanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵatutsi, Kaputeni Michel Micombero, likawuskamo Ŵahutu mu gulu lawo ndipo likaŵawukira.[28]

Themba Mwambutsa, ilo likacimbira mu caru ici pa nyengo ya kuwukira boma mu Okutobala 1965, likathereskeka na kuwukira boma mu Julayi 1966 ndipo mwana wake waciwukirano, Karonga Ntare V, wakapokera ufumu. Mu Novembala wa chaka chenechicho, nduna yikuru ya ŵa Tutsi, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa Capt. Michel Micombero, wakawuskapo Ntare pa udindo wake. Pakuŵa pulezidenti, Micombero wakavikilira chisopa cha ku Africa ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakamovwira. Wakakhazikiska dango na ndondomeko yiwemi, ndipo wakathereska nkhondo ya Ŵahutu.

Nkhondo za paŵene na kukoma ŵanthu

Wonani vinandi: Burundian genocide (1972) and Burundian genocide (1993)

Kuumaliro wa Epulero 1972, vinthu viŵiri vikacitika ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi ŵakomeke. Pa Epulero 27, 1972, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakagaluka mu tawuni ya Rumonge na Nyanza-Lac. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakasuzganga Ŵatutsi na Ŵahutu wose awo ŵakakana kunjilirapo. Mu nyengo yakwamba iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu ŵakukwana 800 m'paka 1200. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Themba Ntare V la ku Burundi likawerako ku wuzga, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵe masuzgo ghanandi. Pa Epulero 29, 1972, Ntare V, wa vyaka 24, wakakomeka. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, boma la Michel Micombero, ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi, likagwiliskira ntchito ŵasilikari kuti ŵarwe na ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanya yayi unandi wa awo ŵakafwa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 80,000 panji 210,000 ndiwo ŵakafwa. Mwakusazgirapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi Ŵahutu ŵakacimbira ku Zaire, Rwanda, na Tanzania.[29]

Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikati yamara, Micombero wakamba kusuzgika maghanoghano. Mu 1976, Kolonele Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, Mututsi, wakalongozga boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Mu 1981, boma lake likalemba dango liphya ilo likakanizga kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na chipani chimoza. Mu Ogasiti 1984, Bagaza wakasankhika kuŵa mutu wa boma. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwake, Bagaza wakasuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ndyali na wanangwa wa kusopa.[29]

Major Pierre Buyoya (Tutsi) wakathereska Bagaza mu 1987, wakayimiska dango na kumazga vipani. Wakawezgerapo muwuso wa ŵasilikari mwa Wupu wa Wusilikari wa Chiponosko cha Charu (CSMN). Uthenga wakususkana na mtundu wa Tutsi uwo ukapharazgika na ŵasilikari ŵa UBU ŵa mu 1972, awo ŵakambaso kucemeka PALIPEHUTU mu 1981, ukapangiska kuti Ŵatutsi ŵakomeke mu mizi ya kumpoto kwa Ntega na Marangara mu Ogasiti 1988. Boma likati ŵanthu 5,000 ndiwo ŵakafwa, kweni mabungwe ghanyake ghambura vya boma ghakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafwa bweka yayi.[29]

Boma liphya ili likapeleka yayi cilango cakusuzga nga umo vikaŵira mu 1972. Boma ili likathera apo likapeleka dango lakuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhumbanga kukoma ŵanthu ŵaleke kukomeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti nyengo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa "nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga kwambura kulangika". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti "ntchindi zambura kulangika" zikamba mu 1965 na 1972, apo Ŵahutu ŵachoko waka ŵakakoma Ŵakututsi.

Pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu aŵa, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Hutu ŵakalembera kalata Pierre Buyoya, kumupempha kuti waŵawovwire. Ŵakakakika na kujalirika mu jele. Pakati pajumpha masabata ghacoko waka, Buyoya wakasora boma liphya, ilo likaŵa na ŵaliska ŵaŵiri ŵakuyana. Wakimika Adrien Sibomana (Hutu) kuŵa nduna yikuru. Buyoya wakapangaso komiti yakuwona vya umoza wa chalo. Mu 1992, boma likapanga dango liphya ilo likazomerezganga kuti maboma gha vipani vinandi ghaŵepo, kweni nkhondo yikamba.[29]

Ŵanthu pafupifupi 250,000 ŵakafwa mu Burundi cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikacitika pakati pa 1962 na 1993. Kufuma waka apo charu cha Burundi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1962, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakakomeka mu charu ichi: mu 1972, Ŵahutu ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵatutsi, ndipo mu 1993, Ŵahutu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na Ŵatutsi. Malipoti ghaumaliro gha wupu wa International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi agho ghakapelekeka ku wupu wa United Nations Security Council mu 2002, ghakati vyose ivi ni vigeŵenga.[29]

Ciyezgo cakwamba ca demokilase na nkhondo pakati pa Tutsi National Army na Hutu

Mu Juni 1993, Melchior Ndadaye, mulongozgi wa gulu la Hutu la Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), ndiyo wakathereska pa mavoti ghakwamba. Wakazgoka mulongozgi wakwamba wa mtundu wa Hutu, ndipo wakadangiliranga boma ilo likakolerananga na Ŵahutu. Nangauli wakayezga kuti wamazge mphindano za mafuko mu caru ici, kweni ivyo wakacita vikakwiyiska ŵasilikari ŵa gulu la ŵasilikari la Ŵatutsi. Nkhondo ya ku Burundi (1993~2005) yikaŵa na vivulupi pakati pa ŵakugaluka ŵa Hutu na ŵasilikari ŵa Tutsi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, comenecomene ŵanthu bweka, ŵakakomeka mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo.[30]

Kukwambilira kwa 1994, nyumba ya malango yikasora Cyprien Ntaryamira (Muhutu) kuŵa pulezidenti. Iyo na Juvénal Habyarimana, pulezidenti wa Rwanda, wose ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, ndipo ŵakafwa pamoza apo ndege yawo yikawa mu Epulero 1994. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchimbilira ku Rwanda. Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango, Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (Hutu), wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu Okutobala 1994. Boma la wupu wakulongozga likapangika na magulu 12 pa 13. Ŵakaleka kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni nkhaza zikamba. Ŵahutu ŵanandi awo ŵakacimbira ku Bujumbura, msumba ukuru wa caru ici, ŵakakomeka. Bungwe la Tutsi Union for National Progress likafumamo mu boma na mu nyumba ya malango.

Mu 1996, Pierre Buyoya (Tutsi) wakambaso kuwusa mwa kuwukira boma. Wakayimiska malango gha boma ndipo wakalapa kuŵa pulezidenti mu 1998. Iyi yikaŵa nyengo yaciŵiri iyo wakaŵira pulezidenti, pamanyuma pa nyengo yakwamba kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 1993. Pakuwona umo ŵakugaluka ŵakacitira, boma likapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵasamire ku misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Buyoya, pakamba kudumbiskana vya mtende kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo South Africa ndiyo yikaŵa pakati pawo. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikalemba mapangano mu Arusha, Tanzania na Pretoria, South Africa, kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza mu Burundi. Pakakhumbikwanga vilimika vinayi kuti ŵanozge ivyo ŵakakolerana.

color map of African countries showing Uganda Rwanda and Burundi backing rebels against Kabila
Belligerents of the Second Congo War. Burundi backed the rebels.

Pa Ogasiti 28, 2000, boma lakwendera lumoza la Burundi likanozgeka nga ni cigaŵa ca Mapangano gha Mtende na Kuphemana. Boma lakwimira boma ili likaŵa pa nyengo yakuyezgelera kwa vilimika vinkhondi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo ŵakawovwilirapo yayi kuti paŵe mtende, mu 2001 pakaŵa ndondomeko ya mtende ndipo ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza. Mu 2003, boma la Burundi ilo likulongozgeka na ŵa Tutsi na gulu likuru chomene la ŵakugaluka la Ŵahutu, la CNDD-FDD (National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy), ŵakadumura phangano lakuti ŵaleke kwambiska nkhondo.

Mu 2003, mulongozgi wa FRODEBU Domitien Ndayizeye (Hutu) wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Kukwambilira kwa 2005, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakasankhika pa maofesi gha boma la Burundi. Mu chaka ichi, pakaŵa maungano gha boma na gha pulezidenti.

Pierre Nkurunziza (Hutu), uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵakugaluka, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu 2005. Mu 2008, boma la Burundi likadumbiskana na gulu la Hutu lakucemeka Palipehutu-National Liberation Forces (NLF) kuti ŵize na mtende mu caru.[31]

Kuzomelezgana mtendere

Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakamba kudumbiskana vya mtende pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikwambana, pamanyuma pakuti Secretary General wa United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali waŵapempha kuti ŵanjirepo pa suzgo ili. Mu 1995, ŵakamba kudumbiskana na pulezidenti wa ku Tanzania, Julius Nyerere. Apo maungano agha ghakacitikanga, Pulezidenti wa South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, na wa United States, Bill Clinton, nawo ŵakayowoyapo.

Maungano agha ghakaŵa gha mtundu wa Track I. Nthowa iyi ya kudumbiskirana yingayowoyeka kuti ni nthowa ya udumizgi iyo yikusazgapo ŵimiliri ŵa boma panji ŵimiliri ŵa boma, awo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito mbiri yawo yiwemi, kuphalirako ŵanyawo, panji nthowa ya "karoti na ndodo" kuti ŵafike pa chilato chinyake panji kuti ŵapangiske kuti chichitike, kanandi ŵakuchita vinthu nga ni "kuchezga" panji "kupambana na kutondeka".[32]

Cilato cikuru cikaŵa cakuti boma la Burundi na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵasinthe vinthu mwakuti paŵe mphambano pakati pa Ŵakututsi na Ŵahutu. Ukaŵa wa vigaŵa viŵiri. Cakwamba, boma lakwendera lumoza lizamunjira mu malo ghake, ndipo pulezidenti wazamulamulira vyaka vitatu. Cilato caciŵiri cikaŵa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵambeso kwendera ŵekha, ndipo magulu ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa ghakuyana.

Nga ni umo vyalongosolera nyengo yitali iyo maungano gha mtende ghakacitikira, awo ŵakadumbiskana na awo ŵakadumbiskananga ŵakakumana na masuzgo ghanandi. Cakwamba, ŵalara ŵa boma la Burundi ŵakawona kuti vilato ivi ni "vyambura kwenelera" ndipo ŵakawona kuti phangano ili ndakubudika, ndakususkana, ndiposo ndakubudika. Caciŵiri, ndipo ico nchakuzirwa comene nchakuti, ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi ŵakagomezganga kuti phangano ili liŵenge lambura nchito usange palije kuleka kuwukira. Kuti ivi vicitike, pakukhumbikwira kudumbiskana mwakudunjika na magulu gha ŵakugaluka. Gulu likuru la Ŵahutu likaŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera pa nkhani ya boma ilo likukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵagaŵane mazaza.

Mu 2000, pulezidenti wa Burundi wakasazga phangano ili pamoza na magulu 13 pa magulu 19 gha Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi. Pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya gulu ilo lizamulongozga boma liphya, ndiposo apo nkhondo yizamwambira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakapangiska kuti paleke kuŵa mtende ŵakaŵa gulu la Ŵatutsi na Ŵahutu awo ŵakakana kusayina phangano ili. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vitatu, pa ungano wa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya ku Africa uwo ukacitikira mu Tanzania, pulezidenti wa Burundi na gulu likuru la Ŵahutu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge nkhondo. Ndipouli, magulu ghacoko waka gha Ŵahutu, nga ni gulu la Forces for National Liberation, ghakalutilira kugwira nchito.

UN kunjililapo

Pakati pa 1993 na 2003, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakadumbiskana vya mtende, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Tanzania, South Africa, na Uganda ndiwo ŵakadangiliranga. Pakwamba gulu la South African Protection Support Detachment likatumika kuvikilira ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Burundi awo ŵakawerako ku wuzga. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakazgoka cigaŵa ca African Union Mission ku Burundi, awo ŵakatumika kuti ŵawovwire kunozga boma lakwendera. Mu Juni 2004, wupu wa UN ukachitapo kanthu na kupokelera mulimo wa kusungiska mtende, kulongora kuti caru cose cikukhozgera ndondomeko ya mtende mu Burundi.[33]

Ntchito ya Mission, pasi pa Mutu VII wa Charter ya United Nations, yili kuti yikulaŵilira kuwombora, kufumiska vilwero, kususka ŵasilikari na kuŵaso ŵankhondo, kovwira wovwiri wa ŵanthu, kuwelera ku ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na ku vyaru ivyo vyasuzgika, kovwira pa masankharo, kuvikilira ŵasilikare ŵa pa charu chose na ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi, kulaŵilira mphaka za Burundi, kusazgapo kulekeska viŵembu vya nkhondo, na kovwira pa kunozga vinthu vya mu ndyali, malango, ŵasilikara na ŵapolisi.[33]

Suzgo likuru comene mu nyengo yakwambilira likaŵa lakuti gulu la ŵakugaluka la Ŵahutu likalutilira kulimbana na ndondomeko ya mtende. Gulu ili likalutilira kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa UN mu tawuni iyi. Kuzakafika mu Juni 2005, gulu ili likaleka kurwa nkhondo ndipo ŵimiliri ŵake ŵakaweleraso ku ndyali. Maphwando onse a ndale avomereza njira yogaŵanirana mphamvu pakati pa mafuko: palibe chipani cha ndale chomwe chingapeze malo mu maofesi a boma pokhapokha ngati chikugwirizana ndi mafuko ena.[33]

Ntchito ya UN yikaŵa ya kuŵika ndondomeko ya kugaŵikana kwa mazaza mu dango la boma, mwakuti paŵe maungano gha boma. Ŵakaŵawuskamo vilwero, na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵambeso kusopa. Mu Febuluwale 2005, dango ili likapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90%. Mu Meyi, Juni, na Ogasiti 2005, kukaŵaso maungano ghatatu ghakupambanapambana gha Nyumba ya Malamulo na gha pulezidenti.

Nangauli pasono pali masuzgo ghanyake pa nkhani ya kuwelera kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakacimbira kwawo na kusanga vyakurya vyakukwana ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu nkhondo, kweni gulu ili likakhorwa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo kweniso ŵanthu wose. Wakawovwirapo pa milimo yinandi yakuzenga masukulu, nyumba za ŵalanda, maofesi gha munkhwala, na kuzenga vinthu vinyake nga ni maji.

2006 mpaka 2018

aerial view of highrise building and low rise red roofed buildings
View of the capital city Bujumbura in 2006.

Ntchito yakuzenga ku Burundi yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2006. Wupu wa UN ukaleka mulimo wake wa kusungilira mtende na kwambaso kovwirapo pa mulimo wa kuzenga.[34] Kuti ŵanozgekere kunozgaso vyalo vyawo, caru ca Rwanda, D.R.Congo na Burundi, ŵakaŵaso na wupu wakucemeka Regional Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries. Kweniso mu 2007, charu cha Burundi pamoza na charu cha Rwanda, vikaŵa mu wupu wa East African Community.

Ndipouli, mazgu gha Ceasefire ya Seputembala 2006 pakati pa boma na gulu lakwamba la ŵakususka, la FLN (Forces for National Liberation, lakucemekaso NLF panji FROLINA), ghakafiskika yayi, ndipo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa FLN ŵakafumamo mu gulu la awo ŵakulaŵilira nkhondo iyi, ŵakuti wanangwa wawo uli pangozi. Mu Seputembala 2007, magulu ghakwimikana gha FLN ghakalimbana mu msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo ŵakukoma ŵanthu 20 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchimbira. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, ŵakugaluka ŵakamba kuwukira. Ŵalwani ŵakakolerana yayi na boma pa nkhani ya kufumiska vilwero na kufwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali. Kuumaliro wa 2007 na kuuyambiro wa 2008, ŵakurwa nkhondo ŵa FLN ŵakawukira misasa yakuvikilirika na boma uko kukaŵa ŵakurwa nkhondo. Nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi nazo zikapokeka.[35]

Lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International la mu 2007 likulongora kuti pali vinandi ivyo vikukhumbikwa kunozgekera. Ŵasilikari ŵakusuzgika kanandi waka na nkhaza za FLN. Wachiŵiri uyu wakulemba ŵana ŵasilikari. Ŵanakazi ŵakusuzgika comene. Kanandi awo ŵakuchita viheni ŵakutondeka kweruzgika na boma. Pali kukhumbikwa kukuru kwa kusintha ndondomeko ya vyeruzgo. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukomeka cifukwa ca kuswa malango, kuswa malango gha boma, na kuswa malango gha boma.

Kuumaliro kwa Malichi 2008, gulu la FLN likapempha kuti nyumba ya malango yikhazikiske dango ilo likuŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke kukakika. Vinthu ivi vikukhwaska vigeŵenga vyambura kuzirwa, kweni vigeŵenga vikuru ivyo vikuswa malango gha caru cose nga ni nkhondo panji viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakucita yayi. Nangauli boma likapeleka wanangwa uwu ku ŵanthu kumanyuma, kweni FLN yikatondeka kusanga wanangwa uwu.

Pa 17 Epulero 2008, FLN yikaponya mabomba pa Bujumbura. Ŵasilikari ŵa Burundi ŵakaŵawukira ndipo gulu la FLN likapwetekeka comene. Pa Meyi 26, 2008, pakalembeka phangano liphya la kuleka kuwukira. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Purezidenti Nkurunziza wakakumana na mulongozgi wa FLN Agathon Rwasa, pamoza na Charles Nqakula, Minister of Safety and Security wa South Africa. Uwu ukaŵa ungano wakwamba kufuma mu Juni 2007. Wose ŵakakolerana kuti ŵawunganenge kaŵiri pa sabata kuti ŵanozge mphindano izo zingaŵapo pa nyengo ya kuwezgerapo mtende.

Wupu wa United Nations ukuyezgayezga kuwona umo vinthu vikukhwaskira ŵanthu awo ŵakuzenga mtende. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 2010, gulu la UN lakuvikilira mtende mu Burundi likayezga kupima umo ndondomeko yake ya kulekeska vilwero, kusunkhunyika na kuweleramo mu caru yikaŵira yiwemi mwa kupenda unandi wa vilwero ivyo vikatoleka cifukwa cakuti vilwero vikaŵa vinandi mu caru ici. Ndipouli, pa maungano agha pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa nyengo iyi, awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi pakuwona umo vinthu vikuŵira para ŵanthu ŵakukhumba mtende.

Kufumira mu chaka cha 2012, charu cha Burundi chikagwiranga nchito ya kusungilira mtende ya African Union, kusazgapo ntchito ya ku Somalia kwimikana na ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Shabaab. Mu 2014, Komiti ya Unenesko na Kuphemana yikakhazikiskika, pakwamba kwa vilimika vinayi ndipo yikasazgikira vyaka vinayi mu 2018.[36][37]

2015 unrest

Nkhani ikulu: Burundian unrest (2015–2018)

Mu Epulero 2015 ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka boma chifukwa cha ivyo chipani icho chili na mazaza chikayowoya.[38] Awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakatenge Nkurunziza wangasankhika yayi kuti wazakaŵepo kachitatu, kweni khoti la malango mu charu ichi likakolerana nayo (nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi pa nyengo iyo ŵakavotera).

Kuyezga kupoka boma pa 13 May kukatondeka kufumiska Nkurunziza. Wakawelera ku Burundi, wakayamba kuwuskamo ŵanthu mu boma lake, ndipo wakakora ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa boma awo ŵakagalukira boma.[39][40][41][42][43] Kweni pamanyuma pa chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kususka ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi pa 20 May. Pali malipoti ghakuti ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, kutambuzgika, kuzgeŵa, na kukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya.

Nangauli wupu wa United Nations, African Union, United States, France, South Africa, Belgium, na maboma ghanyake ghakaŵachiska kuti ŵaleke kuwungana, kweni chipani icho chili na mazaza chikachita mavoti pa Juni 29, kweni ŵakususka.

Pa 30 September 2016, wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council ukakhazikiska Commission of Inquiry on Burundi mwa resolution 33/24. Wupu uwu uli na mulimo wa "kusanda mwakudumura maubendezi gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu agho ghacitika mu Burundi kwambira mu Epulero 2015, kumanya awo ŵakughanaghana kuti ndiwo ŵakucita ivi na kupeleka ulongozgi". Pa Seputembala 29, 2017, wupu wakuwona vya Burundi ukachiska boma la Burundi kuti lileke kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Likayowoyaso kuti, "Boma la Burundi likukana kukolerana na Komiti ya Kupenjerezga, nangauli yikumuŵeyelera kanandi waka". Pa viheni ivyo wupu uwu ukalemba pali kukakika na kukakika mwambura kwenelera, kutambuzgika, nkhaza, nkhaza, kukomeka kwambura mulandu, kujowoleka, kukaka ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zawo, na mitundu yinyake ya nkhaza za kugonana".[44]

2018 mpaka pano

In a constitutional referendum in May 2018, Burundians voted by 79.08% to approve an amended constitution that ensured that Nkurunziza could remain in power until 2034.[45][46]Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazizwa chomene apo Nkurunziza wakapharazga kuti walekenge kuwusa nyengo yinyake.

Pa 20 May 2020, Evariste Ndayishimiye, uyo wakasankhika na chipani cha CNDD-FDD kuŵa mulondezgi wa Nkurunziza, wakathereska pa mavoti 71.45%. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, pa 9 Juni 2020, Nkurunziza wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima, wali na vilimika 55. Pakaŵa fundo yakuti nyifwa yake yikakhwaskana na COVID-19, nangauli fundo iyi yindazomerezgeke. [47][48]

Mu Disembala 2021, moto ukuru wa mu jele ukakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu msumba wa Gitega.

Mu Novembala 2022, mu masuzgo gha nthenda ya COVID-19 na kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine, chiŵelengero cha chuma cha Burundi chikakwera pachoko waka kufika pa 3 peresenti, kuyana na kafukufuku wa International Monetary Fund.

Pasono, charu cha Burundi nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi pamanyuma pa Haiti, ndipo pa munthu yumoza, munthu waliyose wakusangapo ndalama zakukwana madola 270.[49]

Boma

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Burundi
Pierre Nkurunziza at World Economic Forum 2008 looking right
Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi from 2005 to 2020.

Ndyali za ku Burundi ni za boma la demokilase ilo likulongozgeka na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti wa charu cha Burundi ni mulongozgi wa boma. Pasono mu Burundi muli vipani 21 ivyo vili kulembeka.[50]Pa Malichi 13, 1992, Pierre Buyoya, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Ŵatutsi, wakambiska ndondomeko ya ndyali. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, pa Juni 6, 1998, dango la boma likasintha, kusazgirako mipando ya wupu wakulongozga na kuŵikapo ŵaŵiri. Cifukwa ca phangano la ku Arusha, mu 2000, Burundi likakhazikiska boma la nyengo yicoko waka.

Wupu wakulongozga mu Burundi ni wupu uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri, uwo uli na Nyumba ya Malango ya Vyaru na Nyumba ya Malango ya Wupu Wakulongozga. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2004, Nyumba ya Malango ya Charu chose yikaŵa na mamembala 170, ndipo chipani cha Front for Democracy mu Burundi chikaŵa na vithuzithuzi 38%, ndipo 10% ya nyumba ya Malango yikaŵa mu mawoko gha UPRONA. Mavoti 52 ghakaŵa gha magulu ghanyake. Dango la Burundi likusambizga kuti mu wupu wa Transitional National Assembly muŵe Ŵahutu 60%, Ŵatutsi 40%, ŵanakazi 30%, kweniso ŵa Batwa ŵatatu. Ŵabali awo ŵali mu wupu uwu ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu wose ndipo ŵakukhala vyaka vinkhondi.

Nyumba ya Malango ya Wupu Wakulongozga yili na mamembara 51, ndipo malo ghatatu ghali kupika ku ŵanthu awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi. Kuyana na dango la boma la Burundi, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakwenera kuŵa pa mavoti 30. Ŵabali ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu awo ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya Burundi. Mu vigaŵa vyose 18 vya Burundi, muli munthu yumoza Muhutu na munyake Mututsi. Nyengo yimoza ya wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu.

Wupu wakulongozga mu Burundi ndiwo ukusankha pulezidenti kuti wateŵetere vyaka vinkhondi. Pulezidenti wa Burundi wakwimika ŵamazaza mu wupu wake wa nduna. Kweniso pulezidenti wangasora ŵanthu 14 ŵa mu wupu wa Transitional Senate kuti ŵateŵetere mu wupu wa Council of Minister. Ŵabali awo ŵakuteŵetera mu wupu wa nduna ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka na ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu wupu wa nduna. Kweniso pulezidenti wakusankha ŵachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Kufumira waka mu 2015, Pierre Nkurunziza ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Burundi. Wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakaŵa Therence Sinunguruza, ndipo wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakaŵa Gervais Rufyikiri.

Pa 20 May 2020, Evariste Ndayishimiye, uyo wakasankhika na chipani cha CNDD-FDD kuŵa mulondezgi wa Nkurunziza, wakathereska pa mavoti 71.45%. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, pa 9 Juni 2020, Nkurunziza wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima, wali na vilimika 55. Kuyana na dango la chalo, Pascal Nyabenda, mulongozgi wa chalo, ndiyo wakalongozga boma mpaka apo Ndayishimiye wakajura ofesi pa 18 June 2020.[51][52]

Khoti Likuru la ku Burundi ni khoti likuru comene. Paliso makhoti ghatatu gha apilu agho ghali pasi pa Khoti Likuru Chomene. Makhoti gha Cigaŵa Cakwamba ghakugwira nchito nga ni makhoti gha mu vigaŵa vyose vya Burundi kweniso makhoti gha mu vigaŵa 123.[53]

Embassy of Burundi in Brussels

Wanangwa wa ŵanthu

Wonaniso: Human rights in Burundi and LGBT rights in Burundi

Boma la Burundi lakususkika kanandi waka na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu kusazgapo Human Rights Watch cifukwa ca kukora na kweruzga Jean-Claude Kavumbagu cifukwa ca nkhani izo wakalemba. Bungwe la Amnesty International (AI) likati ni kayidi wa njuŵi ndipo likukhumba kuti "wafwatulike mwaluŵiro".

Mu Epulero 2009, boma la Burundi likasintha dango lakuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵagonanenge. Munthu uyo wazomerezgeka kugonana na mwanalume panji mwanakazi munyake, wangakakika vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu na kupelekeka cilango ca ndalama zakukwana 50,000 panji 100,000. Bungwe la Amnesty International likususka ivyo vikacitika, ndipo likuti ni kuswa malango gha caru cose na gha mu vyaru vinyake ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu.

Pa Okutobala 27, 2017, charu cha Burundi chikafumamo mu khoti la International Criminal Court (ICC). Chinthu ichi chikachitika pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa United Nations walemba lipoti mu Seputembala 2017 ilo likati charu ichi chikuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa Novembala 9, 2017, khoti la ICC likati ŵanthu awo ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu charu cha Burundi ŵalutilirenge kweruzgika.[54][55]

Kugaŵanika

Nkhani ikulu: Provinces of Burundi, Communes of Burundi, and Collines of Burundi

Charu cha Burundi chili na vigaŵa 18, vikaya 119, na tumapiri 2,638. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakwendera mphaka izi.

Vigaŵa na vikaya vya Burundi vikapangika pa zuŵa la Khisimasi mu 1959 na dango la ku Belgium. Ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa mitundu yinyake.

Mu 2000, cigaŵa ca Bujumbura cikagaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, Bujumbura Rural na Bujumbura Mairie. Chigaŵa chiphya chomene, Rumonge, chikapangika pa 26 March 2015 kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Bujumbura Rural na Bururi.

Mu Julayi 2022, boma la Burundi likapharazga kuti lizamunozga vyaru. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kuti vigaŵa vichepeko kufuma pa 18 kufika pa 5, ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa vichepeko kufuma pa 119 kufika pa 42. Kusintha uku kukukhumbikwira kuzomerezgeka na pharalamende ya Burundi kuti kwambe kugwira ntchito.[56] Provinces of Burundi

Makhalilo gha charu

tan colour map of Burundi with cities
Map of Burundi.
Hippos at Kibira National Park in northwest Burundi
Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Burundi and Climate of Burundi

Charu cha Burundi ntchichoko chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Charu cha Burundi chili ku chigaŵa cha Albertine Rift, icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa East African Rift. Charu ichi chili pakati pa Africa. Charu cha Burundi chili kumpoto na charu cha Rwanda, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Tanzania, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo. Chigaŵa ichi chili mu nkhorongo za Albertine Rift, Central Zambezian miombo, na Victoria Basin.

Chigaŵa chapakati pa chigaŵa ichi chili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,707 (5,600 ft). Phiri la Heha ilo lili pachanya chomene lili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,685 ndipo lili kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba ukuru wa Bujumbura. Mlonga wa Nile ukufuma mu chigaŵa cha Bururi, ndipo ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Victoria na kunjira mu mlonga wa Ruvyironza. Nyanja ya Victoria nayo njakuzirwa comene, ndipo yikunjira mu mlonga wa Kagera. Nyanja yinyake yikuru ni Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yili kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Burundi.

Pali malo ghaŵiri ghakusungirako vyamoyo: Kibira National Park kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi (chigaŵa chichoko cha nkhorongo, icho chili pafupi na Nyungwe Forest National Park mu Rwanda), na Ruvubu National Park kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi (kuyana na Mlonga wa Rurubu, uwo ukuchemekaso Ruvubu panji Ruvuvu). Vyose viŵiri vikaŵako mu 1982 kuti vivikilire vyamoyo..[57]

Vyamoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Burundi

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Burundi
Wonaniso: List of companies based in Burundi
Historical development of GDP per capita

Charu cha Burundi chili kutali na nyanja ndipo chili na vyakurya vinandi yayi. Chuma chake ndi ulimi, chomwe chimapanga 50% ya GDP mu 2017 ndipo chimagwira ntchito zoposa 90% za anthu. Vyakurya ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵajilamulire ŵekha vikupanga 90% ya vyakurya vyose.[58]Vinthu vikuru ivyo Burundi likuguliska ni khofi na tiyi, ivyo vikupanga ndalama zinandi pa caru cose. Vyakumera vinyake ni katoni, tiyi, mbuto, sorghum, mbatata, nthochi, manioc (tapioca); nyama ya ng'ombe, mkaka na vikumba. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuthemba chomene ulimi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo, kweni ŵanandi ŵalije ndalama zakukwana. Ici nchifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakukura comene ndipo palije ndondomeko yakukolerana pa nkhani ya malo. Mu 2014, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga munda wakukwana ekala limoza.

Charu cha Burundi nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi, cifukwa ca malo agho kulije maji, kusoŵa kwa masambiro, na kuthandazgika kwa HIV/AIDS. Pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi mbakavu. Mu Burundi mose mukaŵa njara na kusoŵa cakurya, comenecomene mu vilimika vya m'ma 1900, ndipo kuyana na Wupu wa vyakurya wa pa caru cose (World Food Programme), ŵana 56.8% awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka vinkhondi ŵakulwara nthenda ya kusoŵa cakurya. Ndalama izo charu cha Burundi chikupeleka ku vyakurya vinyake na ndalama izo chikupeleka ku vyakurya vinyake, vikuthemba pa nyengo iyo vinthu viliri pa charu chose kweniso mtengo wa khofi na tiyi.

color chart of exports by value with percentages
Graphical depiction of Burundi's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories in 2009.

Nkhongono zakugulira za ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi zanangika cifukwa cakuti malipiro ghakwera comene yayi. Chifukwa cha ukavu uwo ukuŵako, charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kuthemba wovwiri wa vyaru viŵiri na vinandi. Wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi. Charu cha Burundi chikapokelera ndalama zakukwana madola 700 miliyoni kufuma ku wupu wa East African Community mu 2009. Vimbundi ivyo vikucitika mu boma vikutondeska kuti makampani ghaŵe na nchito yiwemi cifukwa malango ghakwenda makora.

Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu chaka cha 2007 walongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi mbakukhorwa yayi na umoyo wawo.[15][59]

two sitting in skiff on beach on lakeshore with mountains in bckround
Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika.

Vinthu vinyake ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni uranium, nickel, cobalt, mkuwa, na platinamu. Padera pa vyakurya, vyaru vinyake ni ivi: Kupanga vinthu vyakufuma ku vyaru vinyake; kuzenga vinthu vya boma; kupanga vyakurya na vinthu vinyake vyakudura nga ni mabulangete, skapato na sopo.

Pa nkhani ya umanyi, charu cha Burundi chili pa malo ghaciŵiri kufuma pa ghaumaliro mu index ya World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI). Mu 2014, charu cha Burundi chikaŵa pa nambara 147.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusoŵa ndalama, comenecomene ku mizi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu mizi iyi ndiwo ŵali na maakaunti ku banki, ndipo ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene pa ŵanthu aŵa. Ndipouli, ndalama zichoko waka zikovwira comene, pakuti ŵanthu 4 pa ŵanthu 100 wose mu Burundi ŵali mu mawupu gha ndalama zichoko waka. Vyaru ivi vikuthemba comene yayi pa wovwiri wa awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri.

Charu cha Burundi chili mu wupu wa East African Community (EAC) ndipo chingaŵa chigaŵa cha wupu wa East African Federation. Vinthu vikwenda makora mu charu ichi, kweni charu ichi chikulutilira kunangika.[60]

Ndalama

Nkhani ikulu: Burundian franc

Ndalama ya ku Burundi ni franc (ISO 4217 code BIF). Ndalama izi zikaŵa 100 centimes, kweni mu Burundi mukaŵavya ndalama za centimes.

Ndondomeko ya ndalama yikulongozgeka na banki yikuru, Bank of the Republic of Burundi.

Current BIF exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD

Mayendelo

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Burundi
Bujumbura International Airport terminal in Bujumbura
two bicyclists hold on to back of truck descending a hill
Bicycles are a popular means of transport in Burundi

Mtundu wa kwendeska vinthu mu Burundi ngwakukwana yayi ndipo ulije nkhongono. Kuyana na lipoti la DHL Global Connectedness Index la 2012, charu cha Burundi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa vyaru 140 ivyo vikalembeka. Malo gha ndege gha Bujumbura International Airport ndigho ghekha ghali na msewu wakwenda pa msewu ndipo kufuma mu Meyi 2017 ghakaŵa na ndege zinayi (Brussels Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, Kenya Airways na RwandAir). Mzinda wa Kigali ndiwo uli na ndege zinandi zakuluta ku Bujumbura. Charu ichi chili na misewu yinandi, kweni mu 2005, misewu yinandi yayi mu charu ichi yikaŵa yakwenda pa msewu ndipo mu 2012, mabasi ghakwendera mabasi gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakaŵa ghakwendeskeka na mabasi agho ghakalutanga ku Kigali. Bujumbura wakukolerana na boti la ŵanthu na katundu (la MV Mwongozo) na Kigoma mu Tanzania.[61] Pali pulani ya nyengo yitali ya kwendera njanji na kuluta ku Kigali na ku Kampala na Kenya.

Ŵanthu

 
 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Burundi
Source:[62]
Mndandanda Province Ŵanthu
Bujumbura
Bujumbura
Gitega
Gitega 		1 Bujumbura Bujumbura Mairie 658,859 Ngozi
Ngozi
Rumonge
Rumonge
2 Gitega Gitega 135,467
3 Ngozi Ngozi 39,884
4 Rumonge Bururi 35,931
5 Cibitoke Cibitoke 23,885
6 Kayanza Kayanza 21,767
7 Bubanza Bubanza 20,031
8 Karuzi Karuzi 10,705
9 Kirundo Kirundo 10,024
10 Muyinga Muyinga 9,609
Men in colourful clothing with drums
three children looking directly at camera
Children in Bujumbura, Burundi
Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Burundi and Languages of Burundi

Kufumila mu Okutobala 2021, chalo cha Burundi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 12,346,893, apo mu 1950 ŵakaŵa 2,456,000. Ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira pa caru cose pa ciŵelengero ca 2.5 peresenti pa caka, ndipo ici nchiŵelengero ico nchiŵiri kuluska ca pa caru cose. Mu 2021, charu cha Burundi ndicho chikaŵa pa nambara 10 pa vyaru vyose pa nkhani ya kubaba.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Burundi ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake cifukwa ca nkhondo. Mu 2006, boma la United States likapokelera ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakufuma ku Burundi.

Charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku mizi. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi chikukwana 315 pa kilomita yimoza. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 85 pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Hutu, 15 pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Tutsi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Twa.

Viyowoyero vya boma mu Burundi ni Chikirundi, Cifurenci, na Cingelezi. Mu 2014, chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cikirundi, ndipo pacoko waka 10 peresenti ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci.[63]

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Burundi

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 80 panji 90 peresenti. Ŵaprotesitanti na ŵa Anglican ndiwo ŵakukhalapo 15-25%. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya chisopa. Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 2~5%, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Sunni ndipo ŵakukhala mu misumba.[22][64][65]

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Burundi

Mu vyaru vyose 120 ivyo vili na njala pa caru cose, mu Burundi ndimo muli njara yikuru comene. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu 1962, yikatimbanizga nthowa za munkhwala mu caru ici. Mu 2015, ku Burundi kukaŵaso vivulupi vinandi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, Burundi nayo wakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, boma la Burundi likapempha Wupu wa United Nations Development Program kuti uŵawovwire kuti ŵanozge nthowa zakwendeskera ndopa na kwamba kafukufuku wa munkhwala wakufuma ku vyakumera. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, wupu wa Burundi Association of Traditional Practitioners (ATRADIBU) ukapangika, uwo ukakolerana na wupu wa boma kuti uŵike wupu wa Centre for Research and Promotion of Traditional Medicine in Burundi (CRPMT).[66] Wovwiri wa vyaru vinandi wawovwira kuti vipatala viwovwire ŵanthu mu Burundi. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake ŵakukana kugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa ku Burundi. Mu 2015, mwana yumoza pa ŵana 10 ŵaliwose ku Burundi wakafwanga pambere wandakwaniske vyaka 5 chifukwa cha matenda agho ŵanthu ŵangaghagwentha na kuchizga. Nkhondo iyo yikucitika sono mu Burundi yikutondeska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵasange munkhwala na vinthu vinyake vya mu cipatala. Ku Burundi, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 60.1 mu 2015. Mu 2013, caru ca Burundi cikagwiliskira nchito 8% ya GDP yawo pa vya cipatala. Nangauli mu Burundi mwanakazi waliyose wakubaba ŵana 6,1, kweni pa ŵanakazi 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵakufwa 61.9. Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose (WHO) ukuti ŵanthu mu caru ici ŵakukhala vyaka 58 panji 62. Matenda agho ghakuzara comene mu Burundi ni maleriya na typhoid fever.[67]

Mwambo

four drums in courtyard
Drums from Gitega.
Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Burundi, Tourism in Burundi, and Music of Burundi

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi ŵakutemwa mitheto ya uko ŵakukhala kweniso ŵakulondezga mitheto ya vyaru vinyake. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi ŵakutemwa kulima, chakurya chawo ni mbuto, mpunga, na phere. Cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi, nyama yikulyeka kamoza pera pa mwezi.

Para ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Burundi ŵakukumana pa chiphikiro, ŵakumwa pamoza mpeke, panji moŵa, kufuma mu chiŵiya chikuru kuti ŵalongore umoza.

Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Burundi ni Mohammed Tchité uyo wakuseŵera bola na Jean-Pierre Nimbona, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Kidumu (uyo wakukhala ku Nairobi, Kenya).

Ku Burundi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu vya mawoko. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakutemwa chomene kuluka viŵiya. Vinthu vinyake nga ni visalu, visalu, vithuzithuzi, na viŵiya vya dongo vikupangika mu Burundi.

Kulizga tung'oma nkhwakuzirwa comene mu mitheto ya ŵanthu. Gulu la Royal Drummers of Burundi, ilo ndakumanyikwa pa caru cose, ndipo lakhala likucita maseŵero agha kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 40, likucemeka na sumu za karyenda, amashako, ibishikiso na ikiranya. Kaŵirikaŵiri kuvina kukulongozgana na kuvina kwa viŵiya, uko kukuwoneka kanandi pa viphikiro na pa maungano gha mbumba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi ŵakutemwa kuvina kwa abatimbo, uko kukucitikira pa viphikiro vya boma. Vyakwimbira vinyake ivyo vikumanyikwa ni vyakwimbira nga ni sefuleti, sitara, ikembe, indonongo, umuduri, inanga, na inyagara.[68]

five men playing football one red and black striped jersey and four in yellow jersey
Football in Burundi

Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakutemwa comene kuyowoya nkhani za kale na kusambizga ŵanthu vinthu vyakuzirwa. Imigani, indirimbo, amazina na ivyivugo ni mabuku gha mu Burundi.

Maseŵera gha basketball na track and field ngakumanyikwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero agha. Mu tawuni iyi muli magulu ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru gha maseŵero gha judo. Mu caru cose ici, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola.

Maholide ghanandi gha Cikristu ghakukondwelereka, ndipo Khisimasi ndiyo yikuru comene. Zuŵa la wanangwa wa Burundi likukondwelereka chaka chilichose pa 1 Julayi. Mu 2005, boma la Burundi likati Eid al-Fitr, ni holide ya Chisilamu.[69]

Media

Wonaniso: Mass media in Burundi

Masambilo

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group of children at school in white shirt and khaki shorts uniforms
Carolus Magnus School in Burundi. The school benefits from the campaign "Your Day for Africa" by Aktion Tagwerk.
Nkhani ikulu: Education in Burundi

Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Burundi chikaŵa 67% (73% ŵanalume na 61% ŵanakazi), ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24 chikaŵa 77% na 76%. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa 85.6% (88.2% ŵanalume na 83.1% ŵanakazi).[70]Kufuma mu 2002, ŵanakazi ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ŵakukwera na 17%. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Burundi ntchichoko chomene chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusangika yayi ku sukulu. Kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Chikirundi ŵakusangika waka mu mabuku gha chiyowoyero ichi. Ŵanyamata 10 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Burundi ŵakuzomerezgeka kusambira masambiro gha ku sekondare.

Ku Burundi kuli yunivesite yimoza ya boma, yunivesite ya Burundi. Mu misumba iyi muli malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale nga ni Burundi Geological Museum mu Bujumbura, Burundi National Museum, na Burundi Museum of Life mu Gitega.

Mu 2010, ku Rwoga, Canada, kukajulika sukulu ya pulayimale iyo yikazengeka na ŵana ŵa ku Westwood High School.

Kufumira mu chaka cha 2018, charu cha Burundi chikagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakuyana na 5.1% ya GDP yake pa masambiro.[71]

Sayansi

Ndondomeko ya ku Burundi ya sayansi, matekinoloje, kafukufuku na vyakupanga vinthu vinyake (2013) yikulongosora vya vyakurya; sayansi ya munkhwala; nkhongono, migodi na mendero; maji; kuzgoka mapopa; sayansi ya vyamoyo na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake; sayansi ya vinthu; injiniya na mafakitale; ICT; sayansi ya mlengalenga; masamu; na sayansi ya umoyo wa ŵanthu.

Pa nkhani ya sayansi ya vinthu, mabuku gha mu Burundi ghakajumphapo kaŵiri kufuma pa 0.6 kufika pa 1.2 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni pakati pa 2012 na 2019, ndipo charu ichi chili pakati pa vyaru 15 vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara.

Ŵasayansi ŵa vya munkhwala ndiwo ŵakwendeskanga chomene kafukufuku: mu 2018, ŵasayansi ŵa vya munkhwala ŵakaŵa na 4%, kweni pakati pa 2011 na 2019, ŵakalemba mabuku 41%.

Ndondomeko ya sayansi, matekinoloje, kafukufuku na vyakusintha (2013) yikulaŵiska comene pa kupanga ndondomeko na vinthu vyakwendeskera vinthu, kukhozga kukolerana mu vyaru na vyaru vinyake, na kuŵika sayansi mu umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Okutobala 2014, ofesi ya EAC yikati National Institute of Public Health ni malo ghakutowa chomene. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Burundi ŵali kulembapo nkhani zinkhondi na ziŵiri pa nkhani ya HIV na matenda ghakututuka gha mu vyaru vya muhanya uno.

Ndondomeko iyi yikulaŵiskaso comene pa kusambizga ŵasayansi. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakagwira ntchito iyi kufuma pa 40 kufika pa 55 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni pakati pa 2011 na 2018. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira ntchito pakusanda vinthu zikukwera kufuma pa $14,310 (kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2005) kufika pa $22,480, pakuti kufuma mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka pakusanda vinthu mu vyaru vinyake zikukwera kufuma pa 0.11% kufika pa 0.21% ya GDP.

Kufuma mu 2011, caru ca Burundi cacita vinandi comene pa nkhani ya sayansi, kweni cakukwana yayi kufuma apo ŵakazomerezgera vilato vyawo mu 2015. Ku Burundi kuli mabuku gha sayansi 6 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 97.5% ya zofalitsa zinaphatikizira olemba achilendo pakati pa 2017 ndi 2019, ndipo a Uganda ali pakati pa othandizira asanu.[71]

Wonaniso

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Vinyake

  1. ↑ While Gitega has been established as the political capital, Bujumbura is still the seat of the government and economic capital.

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ "The World Factbook – Burundi". Central Intelligence Agency. 7 Ogasiti 2018. Retrieved 13 Ogasiti 2018.
  2. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Quelques données pour le Burundi" (in French). ISTEEBU. Archived from the original on 28 Julayi 2017. Retrieved 17 Disembala 2015.
  4. ↑ Annuaire statistique du Burundi (PDF) (Report) (in French). ISTEEBU. Julayi 2015. p. 105. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 Juni 2016. Retrieved 17 Disembala 2015.
  5. ↑ "Projections Demographiques au niveau communal 2010-2050" (PDF). www.isteebu.bi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 22 Janyuwale 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.
  7. ↑ "Gini Index, World Bank Estimate". World Development Indicators. The World Bank. Archived from the original on 26 Juni 2015. Retrieved 13 Janyuwale 2015.
  8. ↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 Disembala 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 Disembala 2020.
  9. ↑ "Constitution de la République du Burundi promulguée le 07 juin 2018".
  10. ↑ "Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi". Retrieved 24 Febuluwale 2019.
  11. ↑ Strizek, Helmut (2006). Geschenkte Kolonien: Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft [Donated colonies: Rwanda and Burundi under German rule]. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3861533900.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "German East Africa | former German dependency, Africa". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 Sekutembala 2017. Retrieved 16 Sekutembala 2017. In archived text: German East Africa, German Deutsch-Ostafrika, former dependency of imperial Germany, corresponding to present-day Rwanda and Burundi, the continental portion of Tanzania, and a small section of Mozambique. Penetration of the area was begun in 1884 by German commercial agents, and German claims were recognized by the other European powers in the period 1885–94. In 1891 the German imperial government took over administration of the area from the German East Africa Company. Although its subjugation was not completed until 1907, the colony experienced considerable economic development before World War I. During the war it was occupied by the British, who received a mandate to administer the greater part of it (Tanganyika Territory) by the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920). A smaller portion (Ruanda-Urundi) was entrusted to Belgium.
  13. ↑ Eggers, p. xlix.
  14. ↑ Bermingham, Eldredge, Dick, Christopher W. and Moritz, Craig (2005). Tropical Rainforests: Past, Present, and Future. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, p. 146. ISBN 0-226-04468-8
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Collinson, Patrick (14 Malichi 2018). "Finland is the happiest country in the world, says UN report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 Malichi 2018. Retrieved 15 Malichi 2018.
  16. ↑ "Kingdom of Burundi – Discover your Country's Long History". www.thehistorytalk.com. Archived from the original on 17 Epulelo 2016. Retrieved 1 Epulelo 2021.
  17. ↑ Uvin, Peter. 1999. "Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence" in Comparative Politics, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Apr. 1999), pp. 253–272 Published by: Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York. Page 254.
  18. ↑ VANDEGINSTE, S., Stones left unturned: law and transitional justice in Burundi, Antwerp-Oxford-Portland, Intersentia, 2010, p 17.
  19. ↑ R. O. Collins & J. M. Burns. 2007. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge University Press. Page 125.
  20. ↑ WEISSMAN, S., Preventing genocide in Burundi: lessons from international diplomacy, Washington D.C., United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998, p5.
  21. ↑ "Gitega | Burundi". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 Sekutembala 2017. Retrieved 16 Sekutembala 2017.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 CIA – The World Factbook – Burundi CIA. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  23. ↑ Weinstein, Warren; Robert Schrere (1976). Political Conflict and Ethnic Strategies: A Case Study of Burundi. Syracuse University: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. p. 5. ISBN 0-915984-20-2.
  24. ↑ MacDonald, Fiona; et al. (2001). Peoples of Africa. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 60. ISBN 0-7614-7158-8.
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  26. ↑ Timeline: Rwanda Archived 26 Juni 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Amnesty International. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
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  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraphs 85,496.
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  31. ↑ Liang, Yin (4 June 2008). "EU welcomes positive developments in Burundi" Archived 25 Janyuwale 2017 at the Wayback Machine. China View. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved on 29 June 2008.
  32. ↑ Ramsbotham, Oliver; Woodhouse, Tom; Miall, Hugh (2011). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Polity. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-7456-4974-0.
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  35. ↑ Burundi: Release Civilians Detained Without Charge |Human Rights Watch Archived 2 Juni 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Hrw.org (29 May 2008). Retrieved on 24 November 2012.
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  37. ↑ Rugiririz, Ephrem (25 Novembala 2019). "Burundi: the commission of divided truths". JusticeInfo.net. Retrieved 12 Okutobala 2021.
  38. ↑ "Après moi, moi". The Economist. 2 Meyi 2015. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 18 Meyi 2015. Retrieved 14 Meyi 2015.
  39. ↑ "Burundi's president returns to divided capital after failed coup" Archived 20 Okutobala 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.
  40. ↑ "Burundi general declares coup against President Nkurunziza" Archived 11 Julayi 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC
  41. ↑ Burundi arrests leaders of attempted coup Archived 16 Meyi 2017 at the Wayback Machine. CNN.com (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.
  42. ↑ Laing, Aislinn. (15 May 2015) "Burundi president hunts for coup leaders as he returns to the capital" Archived 30 Janyuwale 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 29 June 2015.
  43. ↑ "President 'back in Burundi' after army says coup failed" Archived 5 Juni 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera English (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.
  44. ↑ "OHCHR – Commission calls on Burundian government to put an end to serious human rights violations". www.ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 11 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 10 Okutobala 2017.
  45. ↑ Moore, Jina (17 Meyi 2018). "In Tiny Burundi, a Huge Vote (Published 2018)". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 Meyi 2018. Retrieved 8 Janyuwale 2021.
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  47. ↑ Dahir, Abdi Latif (9 Juni 2020). "President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, 55, Dies of Heart Attack". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 Janyuwale 2021.
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Mabuku

Vyakulemba vinyake

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  • Allen, J. A.; et al. (2003). Africa South of the Sahara 2004: South of the Sahara. New York, New York: Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 1-85743-183-9.
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  • Chrétien, Jean-Pierre The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History
  • Daley, Patricia Gender and Genocide in Burundi: The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region
  • Gates, Henry Lewis; Anthony Appiah (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York, New York: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
  • Ewusi, Kale and Akwanga, Ebenezer Burundi's Negative Peace: The Shadow of a Broken Continent in the Era of Nepad
  • Jennings, Christian Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness
  • Kayoya, Michel My Father's Footsteps (Sur les traces de mon père) East African Publishing House, 1973
  • Kayoya, Michel Entre deux mondes (Between two worlds) Lavigerie Éditeurs, Bujumbura: 1971. Kayoya was murdered during the 1972 genocide.
  • Kidder, Tracy, Strength in What Remains (A biography of a Burundian immigrant to the US)
  • Krueger, Robert; Kathleen Tobin Krueger (2007). From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years during Genocide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71486-1.
  • Melady, Thomas Patrick Burundi: The Tragic Years
  • Nivonzima, David and Fendell, Len Unlocking Horns: Forgiveness and Reconciliation in Burundi
  • Uvin, Peter Life After Violence: A People's Story of Burundi
  • Watt, Nigel Burundi: The Biography of a Small African Country
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