Today Georgia serves as a busy commercial bridge to Asia, involved in numerous big projects funde... more Today Georgia serves as a busy commercial bridge to Asia, involved in numerous big projects funded by both European and Asian financial organizations. And this mirrors what took place in the past. For centuries, Georgia, while integrated with Europe through political, economic and cultural links, also had extensive ties with the economies of Asian countries.
International trade has always played an important role in the history of Georgia and the wider C... more International trade has always played an important role in the history of Georgia and the wider Caucasus. Silk roads made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. This paper provides a short history of silk roads in the Caucasus from ancient to modern period.
Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade... more Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade routes made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. The kingdom of Georgia’s territorial expansion towards Arran, Shirvan, and Armenia in the 11th-13th centuries was largely driven by economic and trade reasons, namely the desire to control the regional trade routes which criss-crossed Dvin, Barda, Ganja, Tbilisi, Ani, Trebizond, Ahlat, Tabriz and many other major cities along Georgia’s southern borders. The present article will also pay attention to the changes to the trade routes in the Caucasus region caused by the Mongols and how their invasions changed the kingdom of Georgia’s position in the regional commerce. By mid-13th century new major trade corridors connecting Asia with the Middle East and the Black Sea were geographically distanced from Georgia harming the latter’s geopolitical position in the region.
Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade... more Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade routes made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. The kingdom of Georgia’s territorial expansion towards Arran, Shirvan, and Armenia in the 11th-13th centuries was largely driven by economic and trade reasons, namely the desire to control the regional trade routes which criss-crossed Dvin, Barda, Ganja, Tbilisi, Ani, Trebizond, Ahlat, Tabriz and many other major cities along Georgia’s southern borders. The present article will also pay attention to the changes to the trade routes in the Caucasus region caused by the Mongols and how their invasions changed the kingdom of Georgia’s position in the regional commerce. By mid-13th century new major trade corridors connecting Asia with the Middle East and the Black Sea were geographically distanced from Georgia harming the latter’s geopolitical position in the region.
Nowadays Georgia is a comfortable transit passage for Asian oil and gas to the European market. "... more Nowadays Georgia is a comfortable transit passage for Asian oil and gas to the European market. "Transcaucasian" pipelines have increased political sympathies towards the country and continue to contribute to its economic growth. The modern vision of Georgia as a transit hub, however, emerged in ancient times and though the intensity of transit ebbed and flowed, the idea of the Georgian corridor has persisted. The paper traces the the dynamics of the silk roads from ancient to modern time indicating the changes along the way and underlining the current geopolitical importance Georgia holds both for the collective West as well as the rising China. Though the topic is expansive, academic literature in English on Georgia's silk road history from ancient period to 21st century is lacking. This is a modest attempt to fill in some historiographical gaps with a particular focus on ancient and medieval periods. An idea of "Transcaucasian" and Pontic (the Black Sea) transit of the Asian goods is not a new one. As far back as in the 4th c. B.C. Alexander of Macedon took his Graeco-Macedonian army towards the very heart of Asia. There, particularly in India, the Europeans tasted the spiced meals for the first time, and they decided that their life would be dull without pepper. So, one could buy some spices for, perhaps, a drachm in the valley of Indus, and sell it in Rome, or maybe, in Athens for hundred (Plin. NH. VI. 101). The profit from the trade was very handsome. In all there had been the following routes towards India: 1. maritime route-from the Red Sea ports of Egypt via the Indian Ocean towards Malabar coast. Alexandrian merchants profited from this route mostly. According to Strabo, some one hundred and twenty big Alexandrian ships sailed a year to India bringing back the spices, precious woods and stones (Strabo.
An important part of Russia’s grand strategy since the 1990s has been the use of conflict zones a... more An important part of Russia’s grand strategy since the 1990s has been the use of conflict zones across the post-Soviet space for geopolitical aims. Moscow’s battle with the West over the borderlands – i.e., the regions that adjoin Russia from the west and south – has involved keeping Moldova, Ukraine, and the South Caucasus through at times deliberate stoking of separatist conflicts. This policy has been successful so far, as the EU and NATO have refrained from extending membership to Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. However, over the past several years, Russia has started to face long-term problems: financing the entities; attaining a wider recognition for the separatist regions; inability to reverse the pro-Western course of Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine; and the failure to produce a long-term political or economic development vision for the unrecognised territories.
Coins can reveal many details not conveyed by written or any other sources of the period. In many... more Coins can reveal many details not conveyed by written or any other sources of the period. In many respects, Georgian coins are exceptional in showing the lifestyle of kings and queens. They also reflect the immersion of Georgia into the cultural and fashion trends of the time. Wearing the facial hair has been a continuous trend throughout the most of Georgia’s history. As seen in coinage and the printed money, Georgians favored beard and mustache throughout Feudal period and after. Below are some examples from ancient period to modern times.
Today, Georgia serves as a busy commercial bridge to Asia, involved in numerous big projects fund... more Today, Georgia serves as a busy commercial bridge to Asia, involved in numerous big projects funded by both European and Asian financial organizations. And this mirrors what took place in the past. For centuries, Georgia, while integrated with Europe through political, economic and cultural links, also had extensive ties with the economies of Asian countries.
Georgia, the commercial bridge to Asia, has always been seen as such by its neighbors throughout ... more Georgia, the commercial bridge to Asia, has always been seen as such by its neighbors throughout history. Georgia made her European choice in Classical Antiquity as Colchians (Western Georgians) invited the Greeks to colonize their country, and Iberian (Eastern Georgian) kings became Roman citizens. Asian neighboring confederations had different opinion about Georgia’s political affiliation. Whenever possible, they extended their military power over the country. But in many cases foreign powers granted Georgia special rights whether in internal matters or foreign policy affairs. The case of Mongols is especially revealing as the mighty Asian power, intent on destroying any obstacle to its power throughout most of Eurasia, granted Georgia various freedoms. One of them was in the issuing of coins or rather keeping parts of the traditional Georgian patterns.
In history books it is fashionable to talk about the Georgia’s political, military and economic t... more In history books it is fashionable to talk about the Georgia’s political, military and economic ties with the West in the light of various recent agreements signed between Tbilisi and the EU/NATO or cooperation the Medieval Georgian kings had with their western counterparts. Far smaller ties are rarely mentioned, though over millennia they have constituted a significant bond between Georgia and the West. The minting is one of such spheres and is a testimony to the country’s cultural, technological and economic cooperation with the West.
In history books it is fashionable to talk about the Georgia’s political, military and economic t... more In history books it is fashionable to talk about the Georgia’s political, military and economic ties with the West in the light of various recent agreements signed between Tbilisi and the EU/NATO or cooperation the Medieval Georgian kings had with their western counterparts. Far smaller ties are rarely mentioned, though over millennia they have constituted a significant bond between Georgia and the West. The minting is one of such spheres and is a testimony to the country’s cultural, technological and economic cooperation with the West.
La idea de tránsito en el “Transcaucásico” y Póntico (el Mar Negro) de las mercancías asiáticas n... more La idea de tránsito en el “Transcaucásico” y Póntico (el Mar Negro) de las mercancías asiáticas no es nueva. Ya en el siglo IV. Antes de Cristo, Alejandro de Macedonia llevó a su ejército greco-macedonio hacia el corazón de Asia. Allí, particularmente en la India, los europeos probaron las comidas condimentadas por primera vez y decidieron que su vida sería aburrida sin pimienta. Entonces, uno podría comprar algunas especias por, quizás, una dracma en el valle del Indo, y venderlo en Roma, o quizás, en Atenas por cien (Plin. NH. VI. 101). La ganancia del comercio fue muy buena. En total ha habido las siguientes rutas hacia la India: 1. ruta marítima: desde los puertos del Mar Rojo de Egipto a través del Océano Índico hacia la costa de Malabar; los comerciantes alejandrinos se beneficiaron principalmente de esta ruta.
Surprisingly, the Association Agreement is not the first historic agreement Georgia has ever sign... more Surprisingly, the Association Agreement is not the first historic agreement Georgia has ever signed with Europe. In fact, there is a big precedent. In 84 B.C. a treaty between Western Georgia (Colchis) and the Roman Republic was signed. As Res Publica Romana is considered as a rough prototype of the modern EU, the 84 B.C. treaty is a first Europe-Georgia agreement we know of. Now to the details of this ancient treaty.
For millennia flags have served as national symbols. They also serve as a form of communication. ... more For millennia flags have served as national symbols. They also serve as a form of communication. But most of all they serve as a form of identification as the colors and symbols of each flag convey a certain idea or ambitions. It also says a lot about values of a country.
For millennia flags have served as national symbols. They also serve as a form of communication. ... more For millennia flags have served as national symbols. They also serve as a form of communication. But most of all they serve as a form of identification as the colors and symbols of each flag convey a certain idea or ambitions. It also says a lot about values of a country.
Georgia which pursues integration into Western political, economic and military unions has an int... more Georgia which pursues integration into Western political, economic and military unions has an interesting historical background of encouraging peaceful co-existence among its Christian and non-Christian subjects during the Middle Ages.
Multiculturalism (tolerance) and the ability to unify large different ethnic groups living within... more Multiculturalism (tolerance) and the ability to unify large different ethnic groups living within the state’s boundaries are those distinct features which serve as the fundamentum for economic, military and cultural achievements of the Western civilization.
The Kremlin’s narrative is simple: with Georgia being pro-Western in political sense, Russia bega... more The Kremlin’s narrative is simple: with Georgia being pro-Western in political sense, Russia began to wage an ideological war with large-scale propaganda to distort history and essentially connect its territory (Sochi) and partially Abkhazia to the Argonauts myth.
The Kremlin’s narrative is simple: with Georgia being pro-Western in political sense, Russia bega... more The Kremlin’s narrative is simple: with Georgia being pro-Western in political sense, Russia began to wage an ideological war with large-scale propaganda to distort history and essentially connect its territory (Sochi) and partially Abkhazia to the Argonauts myth.
Bulgaria and Romania, the west and northwest parts of the Black Sea shores, are NATO members. Bot... more Bulgaria and Romania, the west and northwest parts of the Black Sea shores, are NATO members. Both joined the organization in 2004. It is now time for Ukraine and Georgia, the rest of the Black Sea, to join the alliance.
Today Georgia serves as a busy commercial bridge to Asia, involved in numerous big projects funde... more Today Georgia serves as a busy commercial bridge to Asia, involved in numerous big projects funded by both European and Asian financial organizations. And this mirrors what took place in the past. For centuries, Georgia, while integrated with Europe through political, economic and cultural links, also had extensive ties with the economies of Asian countries.
International trade has always played an important role in the history of Georgia and the wider C... more International trade has always played an important role in the history of Georgia and the wider Caucasus. Silk roads made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. This paper provides a short history of silk roads in the Caucasus from ancient to modern period.
Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade... more Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade routes made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. The kingdom of Georgia’s territorial expansion towards Arran, Shirvan, and Armenia in the 11th-13th centuries was largely driven by economic and trade reasons, namely the desire to control the regional trade routes which criss-crossed Dvin, Barda, Ganja, Tbilisi, Ani, Trebizond, Ahlat, Tabriz and many other major cities along Georgia’s southern borders. The present article will also pay attention to the changes to the trade routes in the Caucasus region caused by the Mongols and how their invasions changed the kingdom of Georgia’s position in the regional commerce. By mid-13th century new major trade corridors connecting Asia with the Middle East and the Black Sea were geographically distanced from Georgia harming the latter’s geopolitical position in the region.
Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade... more Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade routes made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. The kingdom of Georgia’s territorial expansion towards Arran, Shirvan, and Armenia in the 11th-13th centuries was largely driven by economic and trade reasons, namely the desire to control the regional trade routes which criss-crossed Dvin, Barda, Ganja, Tbilisi, Ani, Trebizond, Ahlat, Tabriz and many other major cities along Georgia’s southern borders. The present article will also pay attention to the changes to the trade routes in the Caucasus region caused by the Mongols and how their invasions changed the kingdom of Georgia’s position in the regional commerce. By mid-13th century new major trade corridors connecting Asia with the Middle East and the Black Sea were geographically distanced from Georgia harming the latter’s geopolitical position in the region.
Nowadays Georgia is a comfortable transit passage for Asian oil and gas to the European market. "... more Nowadays Georgia is a comfortable transit passage for Asian oil and gas to the European market. "Transcaucasian" pipelines have increased political sympathies towards the country and continue to contribute to its economic growth. The modern vision of Georgia as a transit hub, however, emerged in ancient times and though the intensity of transit ebbed and flowed, the idea of the Georgian corridor has persisted. The paper traces the the dynamics of the silk roads from ancient to modern time indicating the changes along the way and underlining the current geopolitical importance Georgia holds both for the collective West as well as the rising China. Though the topic is expansive, academic literature in English on Georgia's silk road history from ancient period to 21st century is lacking. This is a modest attempt to fill in some historiographical gaps with a particular focus on ancient and medieval periods. An idea of "Transcaucasian" and Pontic (the Black Sea) transit of the Asian goods is not a new one. As far back as in the 4th c. B.C. Alexander of Macedon took his Graeco-Macedonian army towards the very heart of Asia. There, particularly in India, the Europeans tasted the spiced meals for the first time, and they decided that their life would be dull without pepper. So, one could buy some spices for, perhaps, a drachm in the valley of Indus, and sell it in Rome, or maybe, in Athens for hundred (Plin. NH. VI. 101). The profit from the trade was very handsome. In all there had been the following routes towards India: 1. maritime route-from the Red Sea ports of Egypt via the Indian Ocean towards Malabar coast. Alexandrian merchants profited from this route mostly. According to Strabo, some one hundred and twenty big Alexandrian ships sailed a year to India bringing back the spices, precious woods and stones (Strabo.
An important part of Russia’s grand strategy since the 1990s has been the use of conflict zones a... more An important part of Russia’s grand strategy since the 1990s has been the use of conflict zones across the post-Soviet space for geopolitical aims. Moscow’s battle with the West over the borderlands – i.e., the regions that adjoin Russia from the west and south – has involved keeping Moldova, Ukraine, and the South Caucasus through at times deliberate stoking of separatist conflicts. This policy has been successful so far, as the EU and NATO have refrained from extending membership to Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. However, over the past several years, Russia has started to face long-term problems: financing the entities; attaining a wider recognition for the separatist regions; inability to reverse the pro-Western course of Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine; and the failure to produce a long-term political or economic development vision for the unrecognised territories.
Coins can reveal many details not conveyed by written or any other sources of the period. In many... more Coins can reveal many details not conveyed by written or any other sources of the period. In many respects, Georgian coins are exceptional in showing the lifestyle of kings and queens. They also reflect the immersion of Georgia into the cultural and fashion trends of the time. Wearing the facial hair has been a continuous trend throughout the most of Georgia’s history. As seen in coinage and the printed money, Georgians favored beard and mustache throughout Feudal period and after. Below are some examples from ancient period to modern times.
Today, Georgia serves as a busy commercial bridge to Asia, involved in numerous big projects fund... more Today, Georgia serves as a busy commercial bridge to Asia, involved in numerous big projects funded by both European and Asian financial organizations. And this mirrors what took place in the past. For centuries, Georgia, while integrated with Europe through political, economic and cultural links, also had extensive ties with the economies of Asian countries.
Georgia, the commercial bridge to Asia, has always been seen as such by its neighbors throughout ... more Georgia, the commercial bridge to Asia, has always been seen as such by its neighbors throughout history. Georgia made her European choice in Classical Antiquity as Colchians (Western Georgians) invited the Greeks to colonize their country, and Iberian (Eastern Georgian) kings became Roman citizens. Asian neighboring confederations had different opinion about Georgia’s political affiliation. Whenever possible, they extended their military power over the country. But in many cases foreign powers granted Georgia special rights whether in internal matters or foreign policy affairs. The case of Mongols is especially revealing as the mighty Asian power, intent on destroying any obstacle to its power throughout most of Eurasia, granted Georgia various freedoms. One of them was in the issuing of coins or rather keeping parts of the traditional Georgian patterns.
In history books it is fashionable to talk about the Georgia’s political, military and economic t... more In history books it is fashionable to talk about the Georgia’s political, military and economic ties with the West in the light of various recent agreements signed between Tbilisi and the EU/NATO or cooperation the Medieval Georgian kings had with their western counterparts. Far smaller ties are rarely mentioned, though over millennia they have constituted a significant bond between Georgia and the West. The minting is one of such spheres and is a testimony to the country’s cultural, technological and economic cooperation with the West.
In history books it is fashionable to talk about the Georgia’s political, military and economic t... more In history books it is fashionable to talk about the Georgia’s political, military and economic ties with the West in the light of various recent agreements signed between Tbilisi and the EU/NATO or cooperation the Medieval Georgian kings had with their western counterparts. Far smaller ties are rarely mentioned, though over millennia they have constituted a significant bond between Georgia and the West. The minting is one of such spheres and is a testimony to the country’s cultural, technological and economic cooperation with the West.
La idea de tránsito en el “Transcaucásico” y Póntico (el Mar Negro) de las mercancías asiáticas n... more La idea de tránsito en el “Transcaucásico” y Póntico (el Mar Negro) de las mercancías asiáticas no es nueva. Ya en el siglo IV. Antes de Cristo, Alejandro de Macedonia llevó a su ejército greco-macedonio hacia el corazón de Asia. Allí, particularmente en la India, los europeos probaron las comidas condimentadas por primera vez y decidieron que su vida sería aburrida sin pimienta. Entonces, uno podría comprar algunas especias por, quizás, una dracma en el valle del Indo, y venderlo en Roma, o quizás, en Atenas por cien (Plin. NH. VI. 101). La ganancia del comercio fue muy buena. En total ha habido las siguientes rutas hacia la India: 1. ruta marítima: desde los puertos del Mar Rojo de Egipto a través del Océano Índico hacia la costa de Malabar; los comerciantes alejandrinos se beneficiaron principalmente de esta ruta.
Surprisingly, the Association Agreement is not the first historic agreement Georgia has ever sign... more Surprisingly, the Association Agreement is not the first historic agreement Georgia has ever signed with Europe. In fact, there is a big precedent. In 84 B.C. a treaty between Western Georgia (Colchis) and the Roman Republic was signed. As Res Publica Romana is considered as a rough prototype of the modern EU, the 84 B.C. treaty is a first Europe-Georgia agreement we know of. Now to the details of this ancient treaty.
For millennia flags have served as national symbols. They also serve as a form of communication. ... more For millennia flags have served as national symbols. They also serve as a form of communication. But most of all they serve as a form of identification as the colors and symbols of each flag convey a certain idea or ambitions. It also says a lot about values of a country.
For millennia flags have served as national symbols. They also serve as a form of communication. ... more For millennia flags have served as national symbols. They also serve as a form of communication. But most of all they serve as a form of identification as the colors and symbols of each flag convey a certain idea or ambitions. It also says a lot about values of a country.
Georgia which pursues integration into Western political, economic and military unions has an int... more Georgia which pursues integration into Western political, economic and military unions has an interesting historical background of encouraging peaceful co-existence among its Christian and non-Christian subjects during the Middle Ages.
Multiculturalism (tolerance) and the ability to unify large different ethnic groups living within... more Multiculturalism (tolerance) and the ability to unify large different ethnic groups living within the state’s boundaries are those distinct features which serve as the fundamentum for economic, military and cultural achievements of the Western civilization.
The Kremlin’s narrative is simple: with Georgia being pro-Western in political sense, Russia bega... more The Kremlin’s narrative is simple: with Georgia being pro-Western in political sense, Russia began to wage an ideological war with large-scale propaganda to distort history and essentially connect its territory (Sochi) and partially Abkhazia to the Argonauts myth.
The Kremlin’s narrative is simple: with Georgia being pro-Western in political sense, Russia bega... more The Kremlin’s narrative is simple: with Georgia being pro-Western in political sense, Russia began to wage an ideological war with large-scale propaganda to distort history and essentially connect its territory (Sochi) and partially Abkhazia to the Argonauts myth.
Bulgaria and Romania, the west and northwest parts of the Black Sea shores, are NATO members. Bot... more Bulgaria and Romania, the west and northwest parts of the Black Sea shores, are NATO members. Both joined the organization in 2004. It is now time for Ukraine and Georgia, the rest of the Black Sea, to join the alliance.
The book aims to present a history of the Silk Roads in the Caucasus region from the sixth centur... more The book aims to present a history of the Silk Roads in the Caucasus region from the sixth century to the early fifteenth century―the end of the Mongol-Timurid era and the beginning of the Age of Discoveries, which began ushering in shifts in global connectivity. The volume is based on a range of Georgian, Armenian, Western, Arab, and Persian sources that are often neglected in other works on the Silk Roads. The book demonstrates that the Caucasus served as a major highway in connecting the Eurasian steppes with the Middle East and the Black Sea with inner Asia.
ნაშრომში განხილულია XV-XVIII საუკუნეებში ახლო აღმოსავლეთსა და კავკასიაში გამავალი სავაჭრო გზები. ... more ნაშრომში განხილულია XV-XVIII საუკუნეებში ახლო აღმოსავლეთსა და კავკასიაში გამავალი სავაჭრო გზები. დეტალურადაა მოცემული ოსმალეთის, სეფიანთა ირანის და რუსეთის სავაჭრო-ეკონომიკური ინტერესები საქართველოსა და, ზოგადად, კავკასიასთან მიმართებაში. წიგნში მიმოხილულია საქართველოში და მის გარშემო ტერიტორიებზე XV-XVIII საუკუნეების სავაჭრო გზებზე არსებული ქართული და უცხოური ისტორიოგრაფია. გამოყენებულია ქართული, რუსული, სპარსული, არაბული და ევროპული წყაროები. ზოგ შემთხვევაში გამოთქმულია მოსაზრებები ისტორიოგრაფიაში დამკვიდრებული იდეების გადასაფასებლად. წიგნი განკუთვნილია როგორც საქართველოს და ახლო აღმოსავლეთის ისტორიის მკვლევრებისთვის, ასევე, ზოგადად, ისტორიით დაინტერესებული მკითხველისთვის.
This book offers a comprehensive understanding of the Eurasian vision of Russia and China and the... more This book offers a comprehensive understanding of the Eurasian vision of Russia and China and their perception of each other's Eurasian projects. Using the idea of "hierarchical order" as an analytical framework for the explanation and understanding of the burgeoning Sino-Russian relationship, the work provides different perspectives on the growing competition between the US and China, and Russia's increasing reliance on China. The book will be of interest to scholars working on international relations with a particular focus on Russian and Chinese foreign policies. It will also appeal to those interested in concepts of regionalism and spheres of influence.
The book provides a comprehensive understanding of the unfolding geopolitical changes in the Sout... more The book provides a comprehensive understanding of the unfolding geopolitical changes in the South Caucasus in the age of increased great power competition across Eurasia. Recent research on the geopolitics of the South Caucasus focuses either on interstate relations among Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia or on each of regional actor’s (Russia, Turkey and Iran) ties with the region’s one or all three states. Little attempt has been made to see the region’s shifting geopolitical importance from a global perspective: growing US-China rivalry and shifting balance of power in Eurasia; recalibration of the US’ military and diplomatic vision in western Eurasia to adjust to the Chinese challenge. The book argues, from a theoretical point of view, that the increased competition in the region fits into the global pattern of unfolding great power competition, when military and economic calculations drive regional powers to increase their influence on immediate neighborhoods sidelining the collective West from the negotiating table and the emerging new security architecture.
საქართველო და აბრეშუმის სავაჭრო გზები (XIII-XIV სს.) წიგნი მეორე.
ნაშრომში განხილულია XIII-XIV საუკუნეებში მახლობელ აღმოსავლეთსა და კავკასიაში გამავალი სავაჭრო გზე... more ნაშრომში განხილულია XIII-XIV საუკუნეებში მახლობელ აღმოსავლეთსა და კავკასიაში გამავალი სავაჭრო გზები. დეტალურადაა მოცემული ჯალალ ად-დინის, მონღოლების და თემურ-ლენგის მიერ საქართველოზე განხორციელებული ლაშქრობების შედეგად სავაჭრო გზების განვითარების დინამიკაში გამოწვეული ცვლილებები. შესწავლილია თუ რა გავლენა მოახდინა ამან ქართულ მონარქიაზე და რა ნაბიჯებს დგამდნენ ქართველი მეფეები გაუარესებული სავაჭრო-ეკონომიკური მდგომარეობის გამოსასწორებლად.
წიგნში მიმოხილულია საქართველოში და მის გარშემო XIII-XIV საუკუნეების სავაჭრო გზებზე არსებული ქართული და უცხოური ისტორიოგრაფია. გამოყენებულია ქართული, სომხური, სპარსული, არაბული და ევროპული წყაროები. ზოგ შემთხვევაში გამოთქმულია მოსაზრებები ისტორიოგრაფიაში დამკვიდრებული იდეების გადასაფასებლად.
წიგნი განკუთვნილია როგორც შუა საუკუნეების საქართველოს და მახლობელი აღმოსავლეთის ისტორიის მკვლევრებისთვის, ასევე, ზოგადად, ისტორიით დაინტერესებული მკითხველისთვის.
COIN AS A MEANS OF PROPAGANDA ACCORDING TO GEORGIAN NUMISMATICS. TEDO DUNDUA, AKAKI CHIKOBAVA, EM... more COIN AS A MEANS OF PROPAGANDA ACCORDING TO GEORGIAN NUMISMATICS. TEDO DUNDUA, AKAKI CHIKOBAVA, EMIL AVDALIANI
ნაშრომში განხილულია VI-XIII საუკუნეებში მახლობელ აღმოსავლეთსა და კავკასიაზე გამავალი სავაჭრო მაგი... more ნაშრომში განხილულია VI-XIII საუკუნეებში მახლობელ აღმოსავლეთსა და კავკასიაზე გამავალი სავაჭრო მაგისტრალები. მიმოხილულია VI საუკუნეში აღმოსავლეთ რომის იმპერიის და სასანური ირანის ბრძოლა ლაზიკასა და სვანეთში არსებული სავაჭრო გზების გასაკონტროლებლად. წიგნში, ასევე, განხილულია XI-XIII საუკუნეებში ქართველების ექსპანსია სამხრეთით და რომ ამის ერთ-ერთი მიზეზი ერთიანი ქართული სამეფოს მიერ რეგიონული მნიშვნელობის სავაჭრო გზებზე – თბილისი-განჯა-ბარდავი, დვინი-ანისი-ტრაპიზონი, ბარდავი-დარუბანდი და ა. შ. – გასვლის სურვილი იყო. ნაშრომში მიმოხილულია ქართული და უცხოური ისტორიოგრაფია და გაანალიზებულია გვიან ანტიკური და შუა საუკუნეების ბიზანტიური, სპარსულ-არაბული, სომხური და ქართული წერილობითი წყაროები. წიგნი განკუთვნილია როგორც გვიან ანტიკური და შუა საუკუნეების პერიოდის საქართველოსა და მახლობელი აღმოსავლეთის ისტორიის მკვლევრებისთვის, ასევე ზოგადად ისტორიით დაინტერესებული მკითხველისთვის.
ISBN შინაარსი შესავალი თავი I. XIX-XX საუკუნეების მიჯნის საქართველოს პოლიტიკური ისტორიის მიმოხილვ... more ISBN შინაარსი შესავალი თავი I. XIX-XX საუკუნეების მიჯნის საქართველოს პოლიტიკური ისტორიის მიმოხილვა თავი II. პირველი ქართული რეკლამა თავი III. ჭიათურის მანგანუმი -ქართული "შავი ოქროს" ისტორია თავი IV. ძმები სიმენსები საქართველოში თავი V. ძმები ნობელები საქართველოში თავი VI. მიტროფანე ლაღიძე და მისი "ლაღიძის წყლები" თავი VII. მეწარმე აკაკი ხოშტარია თავი VIII. მიქაელ არამიანცი და საქართველო დასკვნა Georgian Entrepreneurship (late XIX-early XX cc.) (Summery) გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა 4 12 17 28 36 46 57 65 72 86 90 95 4 შესავალი საქართველოში ვაჭრობის ხანგრძლივი ისტორია არსე-ბობს. შავი ზღვის (და არა მარტო) ქალაქ-სახელმწიფოებსა
After the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, the two parts – Western and Eastern – drifted a... more After the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, the two parts – Western and Eastern – drifted apart politically and militarily throughout the fifth century with each half relying mainly on its own military and economic resources. The division of the resources rendered the defence of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) ever more difficult and its geography too aggravated the problems. The northern frontier of the empire was secured by the Danube river which as a geographic barrier constituted the first echelon of defence. In addition, the Romans and later Byzantines built many forts with soldiers permanently stationed along the Danube. Nevertheless, the frontier had a vulnerable section in its north-western part: the provinces of Pannonia and Illyricum. The defence of this front did not have any geographic obstacles Constantinople could rely on. At the same time the empire had to face barbarian menace from the north Caucasus with its high mountain range separating the steppe realm from the sedentary world of the South Caucasus and the Middle East.
Dual citizenship emerges as a geopolitical concept. Small states seeking political and military s... more Dual citizenship emerges as a geopolitical concept. Small states seeking political and military security could attain guarantees through the spread of dual citizenship. Below are examples from Roman history with a separate case made for modern Georgia.
Below is a short overview of how the concept of Europe emerged over the past millennia and why Ge... more Below is a short overview of how the concept of Europe emerged over the past millennia and why Georgia has always been part of it.
In light of the disinformation campaign carried out by Russian information networks and picked up... more In light of the disinformation campaign carried out by Russian information networks and picked up by western media, the Institute of the Georgian History at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University has released an explanation as to why the Abkhazia and Tskhinvali regions (incorrectly called “South Ossetia”) have always been an integral part of Georgia.
Surprisingly, the Association Agreement is not the first historic agreement Georgia has ever sign... more Surprisingly, the Association Agreement is not the first historic agreement Georgia has ever signed with Europe. In fact, there is a big precedent. In 84 B.C. a treaty between Western Georgia (Colchis) and the Roman Republic was signed. As Res Publica Romana is considered as a rough prototype of the modern EU, the 84 B.C. treaty is a first Europe-Georgia agreement we know of.
Dual citizenship emerges as a geopolitical concept. Small states seeking political and military s... more Dual citizenship emerges as a geopolitical concept. Small states seeking political and military security could attain guarantees through the spread of dual citizenship. Below are examples from Roman history with a separate case made for modern Georgia.
A short overview of how the concept of Europe emerged over the past millennia and why Georgia has... more A short overview of how the concept of Europe emerged over the past millennia and why Georgia has always been part of it.
If you cross the state borders freely, seeing all the cargos moving without delay, money standard... more If you cross the state borders freely, seeing all the cargos moving without delay, money standard and the name being identical everywhere, that means you are in Eurozone. The reality has its remote pattern, Athenian (Attic) case with Colchis (Western Georgia) being involved. If Colchis was in “Attic standard zone”, why to deny Eurozone to Georgia? Below Athenian and modern European cases are discussed.
Georgia is a comfortable acting passway for Asian oil and gas to the European industry. “Transca... more Georgia is a comfortable acting passway for Asian oil and gas to the European industry. “Transcaucasian” pipelines have increased political sympathies towards the country and contribute to its economic growth.
There are two ways to prove Georgia’s place within the NATO Alliance. First is the current argume... more There are two ways to prove Georgia’s place within the NATO Alliance. First is the current argument urging for total Euro-Atlantic unity, next – historical one. Previous pan-European (Roman and Early Byzantine) military presence in Georgia can be applied to the present discussion. The article covers this issue.
As the world continues to experience deep effects (death rate, economic downturn, slowdown of glo... more As the world continues to experience deep effects (death rate, economic downturn, slowdown of globalization) of the novel Coronavirus, it is interesting to look at all the pandemics from a historical point of view. Below are several famous epidemics which affected the world and Georgia in Medieval or Modern and Contemporary periods, and which showed the countries making the similar coordinated steps to stop them.
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წიგნში მიმოხილულია საქართველოში და მის გარშემო XIII-XIV საუკუნეების სავაჭრო გზებზე არსებული ქართული და უცხოური ისტორიოგრაფია. გამოყენებულია ქართული, სომხური, სპარსული, არაბული და ევროპული წყაროები. ზოგ შემთხვევაში გამოთქმულია მოსაზრებები ისტორიოგრაფიაში დამკვიდრებული იდეების გადასაფასებლად.
წიგნი განკუთვნილია როგორც შუა საუკუნეების საქართველოს და მახლობელი აღმოსავლეთის ისტორიის მკვლევრებისთვის, ასევე, ზოგადად, ისტორიით დაინტერესებული მკითხველისთვის.
მიმოხილულია VI საუკუნეში აღმოსავლეთ რომის იმპერიის და სასანური ირანის ბრძოლა ლაზიკასა და სვანეთში არსებული სავაჭრო გზების გასაკონტროლებლად. წიგნში, ასევე, განხილულია XI-XIII საუკუნეებში ქართველების ექსპანსია სამხრეთით და რომ ამის ერთ-ერთი მიზეზი ერთიანი ქართული სამეფოს მიერ რეგიონული მნიშვნელობის სავაჭრო გზებზე – თბილისი-განჯა-ბარდავი, დვინი-ანისი-ტრაპიზონი, ბარდავი-დარუბანდი და ა. შ. – გასვლის სურვილი იყო.
ნაშრომში მიმოხილულია ქართული და უცხოური ისტორიოგრაფია და გაანალიზებულია გვიან ანტიკური და შუა საუკუნეების ბიზანტიური, სპარსულ-არაბული, სომხური და ქართული წერილობითი წყაროები.
წიგნი განკუთვნილია როგორც გვიან ანტიკური და შუა საუკუნეების პერიოდის საქართველოსა და მახლობელი აღმოსავლეთის ისტორიის მკვლევრებისთვის, ასევე ზოგადად ისტორიით დაინტერესებული მკითხველისთვის.