Nitazoksanid

Nitazoksanid, tıpta çeşitli helmintik, protozoal ve viral enfeksiyonların tedavisinde kullanılan geniş spektrumlu bir antiparaziter ve geniş spektrumlu antiviral ilaçtır.^[1]^[2]^[3] Bağışıklık sistemi yeterli bireylerde Cryptosporidium parvum ve Giardia lamblia enfeksiyonunun tedavisi için endikedir ve influenza tedavisi için yeniden tasarlanmıştır.^[3]^[4] Nitazoksanidin ayrıca in vitro antiparaziter aktiviteye sahip olduğu ve diğer protozoa ve helmintlerin neden olduğu enfeksiyonlara yönelik klinik tedavi etkinliğine sahip olduğu da gösterilmiştir.^[1]^[5]

Kimyasal olarak nitazoksanid, antiparazitik ve antiviral aktiviteye sahip sentetik nitrotiazolil-salisilamit türevleri olan bir ilaç sınıfı olan tiazolidlerin prototip üyesidir.^[1]^[3]^[6] Nitazoksanidin insanlarda aktif bir metaboliti olan tizoksanit aynı zamanda tiazolid sınıfının antiparaziter bir ilacıdır.^[1]^[7]

Kontrendikasyonlar

Nitazoksanid yalnızca nitazoksanide veya nitazoksanit formülasyonunun aktif olmayan bileşenlerine karşı aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonu yaşayan kişilerde kontrendikedir.^[4]

Yan etkiler

Nitazoksanidin yan etkileri, giardiasis için plasebo tedavisinden önemli ölçüde farklı değildir;^[4] bu semptomlar arasında mide ağrısı, baş ağrısı, mide rahatsızlığı, kusma, rengi değişen idrar, aşırı idrara çıkma, deri döküntüsü, kaşıntı, ateş, grip sendromu ve diğerleri yer alır.^[4]^[8] Nitazoksanid sağlıklı yetişkinler tarafından alındığında herhangi bir önemli olumsuz etkiye neden olmamaktadır.^[4]

Doz aşımı

Nitazoksanid doz aşımına ilişkin bilgiler sınırlıdır.

Kaynakça

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Research perspective: potential role of nitazoxanide in ovarian cancer treatment. Old drug, new purpose?". Cancers. 5 (3): 1163-1176. September 2013. doi:10.3390/cancers5031163. PMC 3795384 $2. PMID 24202339. Nitazoxanide [NTZ: 2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide] is a thiazolide antiparasitic agent with excellent activity against a wide variety of protozoa and helminths. ... Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a main compound of a class of broad-spectrum anti-parasitic compounds named thiazolides. It is composed of a nitrothiazole-ring and a salicylic acid moiety which are linked together by an amide bond ... NTZ is generally well tolerated, and no significant adverse events have been noted in human trials [13]. ... In vitro, NTZ and tizoxanide function against a wide range of organisms, including the protozoal species Blastocystis hominis, C. parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, G. lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis [13]
^ "Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 2 (1): 43-49. February 2004. doi:10.1586/14787210.2.1.43. PMID 15482170.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent". Antiviral Research. 110: 94-103. October 2014. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014. PMC 7113776 $2. PMID 25108173. Originally developed and commercialized as an antiprotozoal agent, nitazoxanide was later identified as a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral drug and has been repurposed for the treatment of influenza. ... From a chemical perspective, nitazoxanide is the scaffold for a new class of drugs called thiazolides. These small-molecule drugs target host-regulated processes involved in viral replication. ... A new dosage formulation of nitazoxanide is presently undergoing global Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of influenza. Nitazoxanide inhibits a broad range of influenza A and B viruses including influenza A(pH1N1) and the avian A(H7N9) as well as viruses that are resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. ... Nitazoxanide also inhibits the replication of a broad range of other RNA and DNA viruses including respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, coronavirus, rotavirus, norovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus in cell culture assays. Clinical trials have indicated a potential role for thiazolides in treating rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis and chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. Ongoing and future clinical development is focused on viral respiratory infections, viral gastroenteritis and emerging infections such as dengue fever.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Alinia- nitazoxanide tablet Alinia- nitazoxanide powder, for suspension". DailyMed. 20 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Şubat 2021.
^ "Nitazoxanide: a review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections". Drugs. 67 (13): 1947-1967. 2007. doi:10.2165/00003495-200767130-00015. PMID 17722965. Nitazoxanide is effective in the treatment of protozoal and helminthic infections ... Nitazoxanide is a first-line choice for the treatment of illness caused by C. parvum or G. lamblia infection in immunocompetent adults and children, and is an option to be considered in the treatment of illnesses caused by other protozoa and/or helminths.
^ "Enzymes associated with reductive activation and action of nitazoxanide, nitrofurans, and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 46 (7): 2116-2123. July 2002. doi:10.1128/aac.46.7.2116-2123.2002. PMC 127316 $2. PMID 12069963. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide
^ "Nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and other thiazolides are potent inhibitors of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus replication". Antiviral Research. 77 (1): 56-63. January 2008. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.08.005. PMID 17888524.
^ "Nitazoxanide". MedlinePlus. 10 Nisan 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2014.

[Thiazolides-1] "Research perspective: potential role of nitazoxanide in ovarian cancer treatment. Old drug, new purpose?". Cancers. 5 (3): 1163-1176. September 2013. doi:10.3390/cancers5031163. PMC 3795384 $2. PMID 24202339. Nitazoxanide [NTZ: 2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide] is a thiazolide antiparasitic agent with excellent activity against a wide variety of protozoa and helminths. ... Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a main compound of a class of broad-spectrum anti-parasitic compounds named thiazolides. It is composed of a nitrothiazole-ring and a salicylic acid moiety which are linked together by an amide bond ... NTZ is generally well tolerated, and no significant adverse events have been noted in human trials [13]. ... In vitro, NTZ and tizoxanide function against a wide range of organisms, including the protozoal species Blastocystis hominis, C. parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, G. lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis [13]

[Nitazoxanide:_Broad-spectrum_antiparasitic-2] "Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 2 (1): 43-49. February 2004. doi:10.1586/14787210.2.1.43. PMID 15482170.

[Broad-spectrum_antiviral_review-3] "Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent". Antiviral Research. 110: 94-103. October 2014. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014. PMC 7113776 $2. PMID 25108173. Originally developed and commercialized as an antiprotozoal agent, nitazoxanide was later identified as a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral drug and has been repurposed for the treatment of influenza. ... From a chemical perspective, nitazoxanide is the scaffold for a new class of drugs called thiazolides. These small-molecule drugs target host-regulated processes involved in viral replication. ... A new dosage formulation of nitazoxanide is presently undergoing global Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of influenza. Nitazoxanide inhibits a broad range of influenza A and B viruses including influenza A(pH1N1) and the avian A(H7N9) as well as viruses that are resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. ... Nitazoxanide also inhibits the replication of a broad range of other RNA and DNA viruses including respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, coronavirus, rotavirus, norovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus in cell culture assays. Clinical trials have indicated a potential role for thiazolides in treating rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis and chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. Ongoing and future clinical development is focused on viral respiratory infections, viral gastroenteritis and emerging infections such as dengue fever.

[Alinia_FDA_label-4] "Alinia- nitazoxanide tablet Alinia- nitazoxanide powder, for suspension". DailyMed. 20 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Şubat 2021.

[NTZ_2007_review-5] "Nitazoxanide: a review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections". Drugs. 67 (13): 1947-1967. 2007. doi:10.2165/00003495-200767130-00015. PMID 17722965. Nitazoxanide is effective in the treatment of protozoal and helminthic infections ... Nitazoxanide is a first-line choice for the treatment of illness caused by C. parvum or G. lamblia infection in immunocompetent adults and children, and is an option to be considered in the treatment of illnesses caused by other protozoa and/or helminths.

[Nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide-6] "Enzymes associated with reductive activation and action of nitazoxanide, nitrofurans, and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 46 (7): 2116-2123. July 2002. doi:10.1128/aac.46.7.2116-2123.2002. PMC 127316 $2. PMID 12069963. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide

[pmid17888524-7] "Nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and other thiazolides are potent inhibitors of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus replication". Antiviral Research. 77 (1): 56-63. January 2008. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.08.005. PMID 17888524.

[8] "Nitazoxanide". MedlinePlus. 10 Nisan 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2014.

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