List of spaceflight records

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Several records and firsts in spaceflight have been documented since the field's beginnings in the 20th century. Achievements in spaceflight are broadly divided into crewed and uncrewed categories. Records involving animal spaceflight have also been noted in earlier experimental flights, typically to establish the feasibility of sending humans to outer space.

The notion of "firsts" in spaceflight is closely tied to the Space Race. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union and the United States competed with each other to be the first countries to accomplish various feats. In 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial orbital satellite. In 1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to enter space aboard Vostok 1, and in 1969 American Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the Moon. Following the conclusion of the Apollo program in 1972, no human has since traveled beyond low earth orbit.

During the 1970s the Soviet Union directed its energies to human habitation of space stations for increasing periods of time. In the 1980s the United States began launching its Space Shuttles, craft which allowed for larger crew sizes and thus larger numbers of people in space at a given time. Following their first mission of détente on the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the Soviet Union and the United States again collaborated with each other on the Shuttle-Mir initiative, efforts which led to the International Space Station (ISS) which has been continuously inhabited by humans for over 20 years.

Other firsts in spaceflight involve demographics, private enterprise, and distance. Dozens of countries have sent at least one traveler to space, and in 1963 Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman in space aboard Vostok 6. Throughout the 20th century spaceflight was the domain of government agencies, but this began to change in the early 21st century as private business engaged the field. In 2004 the sub-orbital spaceplane SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded craft to enter space; in 2020 SpaceX's Dragon 2 became the first privately developed orbital vehicle, ferrying a crew to the ISS. As of Template:Year the uncrewed probe Voyager 1 is the most distant artificial object from the Earth, part of a small class of vehicles which are leaving the Solar System.

First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country

Country	Mission	Crew	Spacecraft	Launch vehicle	Date	Type
Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR^[1]	Vostok 1^[1]	Yuri Gagarin^[1]	Vostok 3KA^[1]	Vostok-K^[1]	12 April 1961^[1]	Orbital^[1]
USA^[2]	Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)^[2]	Alan Shepard^[2]	Mercury Spacecraft No.7^[2]	Mercury-Redstone^[2]	5 May 1961^[2]	Sub-orbital^[2]
USA^[3]	Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)^[3]	John Glenn^[3]	Mercury Spacecraft No.13^[3]	Atlas LV-3B	20 February 1962^[3]	Orbital^[3]
Template:Country data USSR USSR	Soyuz 18A	Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov	Soyuz 7K-T	Soyuz 11A511	5 April 1975	Sub-orbital
Template:Country data RUS Russia	Soyuz TM-14	Aleksandr Viktorenko, Aleksandr Kaleri, Klaus-Dietrich Flade	Soyuz-TM	Soyuz-U2	17 March 1992	Orbital
Template:Country data China China^[4]	Shenzhou 5^[4]	Yang Liwei^[4]	Shenzhou spacecraft^[4]	Long March 2F^[4]	15 October 2003^[4]	Orbital^[4]
Template:Country data RUS Russia	Soyuz MS-10	Aleksey Ovchinin, Nick Hague	Soyuz-MS	Soyuz-FG	11 October 2018	Sub-orbital

Human spaceflight firsts

Template:More citations needed section Note: Some space records are disputed as a result of ambiguities surrounding the border of space. Most records follow the FAI definition of the space border which the FAI sets at an altitude of 100 km (62.14 mi). By contrast, the NASA-, USAF- and FAA-defined border of space is at 50 mi (80.47 km).

First	Person(s)	Mission	Country	Date
Person to reach space Person in orbit	Yuri Gagarin	Vostok 1^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	12 April 1961
Person to make suborbital flight Person to land in a spacecraft after spaceflight (thus the first complete human spaceflight by then FAI definitions)^[6]^[7] Person to land in water (splashdown) Person to pilot a craft in space^[8]	Alan Shepard	Freedom 7	USA	5 May 1961
Person in space for over 24 hours^[9] Multiple orbits during a spaceflight	Gherman Titov	Vostok 2	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	6 August 1961 – 7 August 1961
Person to land in a spacecraft after orbital flight	John Glenn	Friendship 7	USA	20 February 1962
Group flight^[10] Adjacent orbits Spacecraft-to-spacecraft communications	Andrian Nikolayev Pavel Popovich	Vostok 3 Vostok 4	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	12 August 1962 – 15 August 1962
Woman in space Civilian in space	Valentina Tereshkova	Vostok 6^[11]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	16 June 1963 – 19 June 1963
Spaceflight (suborbital) by winged spacecraft	Joe Walker	X-15 Flight 90	USA	19 July 1963
Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100 kilometres (62 mi))	Joe Walker	X-15 Flights 90 and 91	USA	22 August 1963
Three-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Persons to land in a spacecraft on hard ground Human spaceflight without pressurized spacesuits	Vladimir Komarov Konstantin Feoktistov Boris Yegorov	Voskhod 1^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	12 October 1964 – 13 October 1964
Spacewalk	Alexei Leonov	Voskhod 2^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	18 March 1965
Orbital maneuvers (change orbit)	Gus Grissom, John W. Young	Gemini 3^[5]	USA	23 March 1965
Person to fly two orbital spaceflights	Gordon Cooper	Faith 7 Gemini 5	USA	15 May 1963 – 16 May 1963 21 August 1965 – 29 August 1965
Persons to spend one week in space	Gordon Cooper Pete Conrad	Gemini 5	USA	21 August 1965 – 29 August 1965
Space rendezvous (orbital maneuver and station-keeping) Four people in space at the same time	Frank Borman, Jim Lovell Walter Schirra, Thomas Stafford	Gemini 7 Gemini 6A^[5]	USA	15 December 1965 – 16 December 1965
Space docking	Neil Armstrong David Scott	Gemini 8 and Agena^[5]	USA	16 March 1966
Multiple (dual) rendezvous (with Agena 10, then Agena 8)^[12]	John W. Young Michael Collins	Gemini 10	USA	19 July 1966 20 July 1966
Spaceflight fatality (during landing)	Vladimir Komarov	Soyuz 1	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	23 April 1967 – 24 April 1967
Person to complete three spaceflights Person to fly three different types of spacecraft	Walter Schirra	Mercury-Atlas 8 Gemini 6A Apollo 7	USA	22 October 1968
Persons to leave low Earth orbit (LEO) Persons to enter the gravitational influence of another celestial body Persons to enter lunar orbit	Frank Borman Jim Lovell Bill Anders	Apollo 8	USA	24 December 1968 – 25 December 1968
Space docking of two crewed spacecraft Dual spacewalk Сrew transfer (Khrunov, Yeliseyev)^[13]	Vladimir Shatalov Boris Volynov Aleksei Yeliseyev Yevgeny Khrunov	Soyuz 4 Soyuz 5	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	16 January 1969
Solo flight around the Moon	John Young	Apollo 10	USA	22 May 1969
Moon landing Planetary surface EVA	Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin	Apollo 11	USA	20 July 1969
Five people in space at the same time	Georgi Shonin, Valeri Kubasov Anatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Gorbatko	Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	12 October 1969 – 13 October 1969
Triple spaceflight Seven people in space at the same time	Shonin, Kubasov Filipchenko, Volkov, Gorbatko Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev	Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 Soyuz 8	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	13 October 1969 – 16 October 1969
Person to complete four spaceflights	James A. Lovell	Gemini 7 Gemini 12 Apollo 8 Apollo 13	USA	17 April 1970
Person to fly two lunar flights Person to complete two flights beyond low Earth orbit	James A. Lovell	Apollo 8 Apollo 13	USA	11 April 1970 – 17 April 1970
Persons to fly a free-return trajectory around a celestial body	James A. Lovell Jack Swigert Fred Haise	Apollo 13	USA	11 April 1970 – 17 April 1970
People to spend two weeks in space Night launch	Andrian Nikolayev Vitali Sevastyanov	Soyuz 9	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	1 June 1970 – 19 June 1970
People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft	Alan Shepard Edgar Mitchell	Apollo 14	USA	6 February 1971
Docking with space station (soft dock) Night landing	Vladimir Shatalov Aleksei Yeliseyev Nikolai Rukavishnikov	Soyuz 10 Salyut 1	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	22 April 1971 – 24 April 1971
Crewed space station In-space fatalities	Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov	Soyuz 11 Salyut 1	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	7 June 1971 – 29 June 1971
People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth	Dave Scott Jim Irwin	Apollo 15	USA	31 July 1971– 2 August 1971
Deep space EVA (trans-Earth trajectory)	Al Worden	Apollo 15	USA	5 August 1971
Person to be in lunar orbit twice (during separate lunar expeditions)	John W. Young	Apollo 10 Apollo 16	USA	16 April 1972 – 27 April 1972
People in orbit for four weeks	Pete Conrad Joseph Kerwin Paul Weitz	Skylab 2	USA	25 May 1973 – 22 June 1973
People in orbit for eight weeks	Alan Bean Jack Lousma Owen Garriott	Skylab 3	USA	28 July 1973 – 25 September 1973
People in orbit for 12 weeks	Gerald Carr William Pogue Edward Gibson	Skylab 4	USA	16 November 1973 – 8 February 1974
Spaceflight aborted during liftoff (at 145 kilometers (90 mi) altitude) Re-entry with 20g acceleration (emergency)	Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov	Soyuz 18a	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	5 April 1975
First international docking	Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, Donald K. Slayton – USA Alexei Leonov, Valeri Kubasov – USSR	Apollo CSM, Soyuz 19	USA Template:Country data Soviet UnionUSSR	17 July 1975
Crew to visit occupied space station	Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov	Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	10 January 1978 – 16 January 1978
People in orbit 19 weeks (4 months)	Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov	Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	15 June 1978 – 2 November 1978
People in orbit 26 weeks (6 months)	Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin	Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	9 April 1980 – 11 October 1980
Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft Reuseable spacecraft (partially expendable launch vehicle)	John W. Young Robert L. Crippen	STS-1	USA	12 April 1981
Person to fly four different types of spacecraft	John W. Young	Gemini Apollo Lunar Module Space Shuttle	USA	12 April 1981
Person to complete five spaceflights	John W. Young	Gemini 3 Gemini 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 16 STS-1	USA	14 April 1981
Four-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	Vance Brand Robert F. Overmyer Joseph P. Allen William B. Lenoir	STS-5	USA	11 November 1982 – 16 November 1982
Five-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	Robert L. Crippen Frederick H. Hauck John M. Fabian Sally K. Ride Norman E. Thagard	STS-7	USA	18 June 1983 – 24 June 1983
Six-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	John W. Young, Brewster H. Shaw, Owen K. Garriott, Robert A. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg – USA Ulf Merbold – Germany (European Space Agency)	STS-9	USA Template:Country data Germany West Germany	28 November 1983 – 8 December 1983
Person to complete six spaceflights	John W. Young	Gemini 3 Gemini 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 16 STS-1 STS-9	USA	8 December 1983
Untethered spacewalk	Bruce McCandless II	STS-41-B^[14]	USA	7 February 1984
Eight people in space at the same time (no docking)	Oleg Atkov, Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov – USSR Vance D. Brand, Robert L. Gibson, Bruce McCandless II, Ronald McNair, Robert L. Stewart – USA	Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR USA	8 February 1984 – 11 February 1984
11 people in space at the same time (no docking)	Oleg Atkov, Leonid D. Kizim, Yury Malyshev, Vladimir Solovyov, Gennady Strekalov – USSR Robert L. Crippen, Terry J. Hart, George Nelson, Francis Scobee, James van Hoften – USA Rakesh Sharma – India	STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR USA Template:Country data India India	6 April 1984 – 11 April 1984
People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission	Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov	Salyut 7	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	26 April – 18 May 1984
Spacewalk by a woman	Svetlana Savitskaya	Soyuz T-12	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	25 July 1984
Welding in space	Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Svetlana Savitskaya	Salyut 7, Soyuz T-12	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	25 July 1984
People in orbit 33 weeks (7 months)	Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov	Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	8 February 1984 – 2 October 1984
Seven-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, David C. Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power – USA Marc Garneau – Canada	STS-41-G	USA Canada	5 October 1984 – 13 October 1984
Two women in space at the same time	Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride	STS-41-G	USA	5 October 1984 – 13 October 1984
Partial crew exchange at a space station	Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov	Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	17 September 1985 – 26 September 1985
Eight-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	Henry W. Hartsfield, Steven R. Nagel, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion S. Bluford – USA Reinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid – West Germany Wubbo Ockels – Netherlands (European Space Agency)	STS-61-A	USA Template:Country data West Germany West Germany Template:Country data Netherlands Netherlands	30 October 1985 – 6 November 1985
Fatalities during launch	Francis "Dick" Scobee Michael J. Smith Ellison Onizuka Judith Resnik Ronald McNair Sharon Christa McAuliffe Gregory Jarvis	STS-51-L	USA	28 January 1986
Space station-to-space station flight Space station-to-space station return flight Expedition on two space stations	Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov	Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir^[15]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	15 March 1986 – 16 July 1986
Complete crew exchange at a space station	Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov	Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	21 December 1987 – 29 December 1987
People in orbit 52 weeks (one year)	Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov	Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	21 December 1987 – 21 December 1988
12 people in space at the same time (no docking)	Shuttle: Vance Brand, Samuel Durrance, Guy S. Gardner, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, John M. Lounge, Ronald Parise, Robert A. Parker – USA Mir: Gennady Manakov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia Soyuz and Soyuz/Mir: Musa Manarov, Viktor Afanasyev – Russia Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan	STS-35, Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10 Soyuz TM-11	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR USA Template:Country data Japan Japan	2 December 1990 – 10 December 1990
First civilian to use a commercial space flight, and the first journalist to report on space from outer space.	Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan	Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-11	Template:Country data Japan Japan	2 December 1990 – 10 December 1990
Three women in space at the same time	Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon	STS-40	USA	5 June 1991 – 14 June 1991
Three-person spacewalk	Pierre J. Thuot Richard J. Hieb Thomas D. Akers	STS-49	USA	13 May 1992
13 people in space at the same time (no docking)	Shuttle: Steve Oswald, William Gregory, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Tammy Jernigan, Sam Durrance, Ron Parise – USA Mir: Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova, Valeriy Polyakov – Russia Soyuz/Mir: Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia Norman E. Thagard – USA	STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21	USA Template:Country data Russia Russia	14 March 1995 – 18 March 1995
Ten people in a single spacecraft (docking)	Robert L. Gibson, Charles J. Precourt, Ellen S. Baker, Bonnie J. Dunbar, Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard – USA Anatoly Solovyev, Nikolai Budarin, Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia	STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21	USA Template:Country data Russia Russia	29 June 1995 – 4 July 1995
Space tourist	Dennis Tito	Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1	USA Template:Country data Russia Russia	April 28, 2001 – May 6, 2001
Person to complete seven trips to space	Jerry L. Ross	STS-61B STS-27 STS-37 STS-55 STS-74 STS-88 STS-110	USA	19 April 2002
Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)	Mike Melvill	SpaceShipOne flight 15P	USA	21 June 2004
13 people in a single spacecraft (docking)^[16]	Michael Barratt, Mark L. Polansky, Douglas G. Hurley, Christopher J. Cassidy, Thomas H. Marshburn, David Wolf, Timothy Kopra – USA Gennady Padalka, Roman Romanenko – Russia Robert Thirsk, Julie Payette – Canada Frank De Winne – Belgium (European Space Agency) Koichi Wakata – Japan	ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127	USA Template:Country data Russia Russia Canada Template:Country data Belgium Belgium Template:Country data Japan Japan	17 July 2009
Four women in space at the same time	Shuttle: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson – USA Naoko Yamazaki – Japan ISS: Tracy Caldwell Dyson – USA	STS-131 ISS Expedition 23	USA Template:Country data Japan Japan	5 April 2010 – 20 April 2010
Six spacecraft docked to a space station	ISS: Expedition 56	Dragon-15, Cygnus-9, Soyuz MS-08, Soyuz MS-09, Progress MS-08, Progress MS-09	USA Template:Country data Russia Russia	9 July 2018
All-woman spacewalk Spacewalk by two women	Christina Koch Jessica Meir	ISS Expedition 61	USA	18 October 2019
Astronauts launched into orbit on commercial spacecraft Astronauts flying to a space station on commercial spacecraft ^[17]^[18]	Bob Behnken Doug Hurley	Crew Dragon Demo-2	USA	30 May 2020 – 31 May 2020
16 people in space (50 miles) at the same time (no docking)	ISS: Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, K. Megan McArthur, – USA Oleg Novitsky, Pyotr Dubrov – Russia Thomas Pesquet – France Akihiko Hoshide – Japan Tiangong: Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming, Tang Hongbo, – China Unity: David Mackay, Michael Masucci, Beth Moses, - USA Sirisha Bandla – India Richard Branson, Colin Bennett – United Kingdom	Soyuz MS-18, SpaceX Crew-2, Shenzhou-12, Virgin Galactic Unity-22	USA Template:Country data China China Template:Country data Russia Russia Template:Country data France France Template:Country data India India Template:Country data Japan Japan Template:Country data UK UK	11 July 2021
14 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)	ISS: Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, K. Megan McArthur, – USA Oleg Novitsky, Pyotr Dubrov – Russia Thomas Pesquet – France Akihiko Hoshide – Japan Tiangong: Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming, Tang Hongbo, – China New Shepard: Jeff Bezos, Mark Bezos, Wally Funk - USA Oliver Daemen – Netherlands	Soyuz MS-18, SpaceX Crew-2, Shenzhou-12, Blue Origin NS-16	USA Template:Country data China China Template:Country data Russia Russia Template:Country data France France Template:Country data Japan Japan Template:Country data Netherlands Netherlands	20 July 2021
Orbital spaceflight with an all private crew Fully commercial orbital spaceflight	Jared Isaacman Hayley Arceneaux Christopher Sembroski Sian Proctor	Inspiration4	USA	16 September 2021 – 18 September 2021
Person with physical disability in space Wearing of prosthetics in space	Hayley Arceneaux	Inspiration4	USA	16 September 2021 – 18 September 2021
14 people in orbit at the same time (no docking)	ISS: Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, K. Megan McArthur, – USA Oleg Novitsky, Pyotr Dubrov – Russia Thomas Pesquet – France Akihiko Hoshide – Japan Tiangong: Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming, Tang Hongbo, – China Inspiration4: Jared Isaacman, Hayley Arceneaux, Sian Proctor, Christopher Sembroski - USA	Soyuz MS-18, SpaceX Crew-2, Shenzhou-12, Inspiration4	USA Template:Country data China China Template:Country data Russia Russia Template:Country data France France Template:Country data Japan Japan	16 September 2021 – 17 September 2021
19 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)	ISS: Mark Vande Hei, Raja Chari, Thomas Marshburn, Kayla Barron – USA Anton Shkaplerov, Pyotr Dubrov, Alexander Misurkin – Russia Matthias Maurer – Germany Yusaku Maezawa, Yozo Hirano – Japan Tiangong: Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping, Ye Guangfu, – China New Shepard: Laura Shepard Churchley, Michael Strahan, Dylan Taylor, Evan Dick, Lane Bess, Cameron Bess - USA	Soyuz MS-19, Shenzhou-13, SpaceX Crew-3, Soyuz MS-20, Blue Origin NS-19	USA Template:Country data China China Template:Country data Russia Russia Template:Country data Germany Germany Template:Country data Japan Japan	11 December 2021
Flight to a space station with an all private crew Fully commercial flight to a space station	Michael López-Alegría Larry Connor Mark Pathy Eytan Stibbe	Axiom Mission 1 To ISS	USA Template:Country data Spain Spain Canada Template:Country data Israel Israel	8 April 2022 – 18 April 2022

Most spaceflights

Most orbital launches from Earth

7 launches
- Jerry L. Ross (USA^[16]), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
- Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA^[16]), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

Most orbital launches overall

7 launches
- John W. Young (USA^[19]) launched from Earth 6 times (two Gemini, two Apollo Command Module, two Space Shuttle) and from the Moon once (Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage) (1965–1983)
- Jerry L. Ross (USA^[16]), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
- Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA*^[16]), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

Largest number of different spacecraft at launch (from Earth only)

3 spacecraft
- Walter Schirra (USA) – launched aboard a Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo (1962–1968)
- John W. Young (USA) – launched aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle (1965–1983)
- Soichi Noguchi (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2005–2020)
- Shane Kimbrough (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
- Akihiko Hoshide (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
- Thomas Marshburn (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2007–2021)
- Michael López-Alegría (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1995–2022)

Largest number of different launch vehicles (overall)

4 launch vehicles
- John W. Young (USA) – launched from Earth aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle, and launched from the Moon aboard the Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage

Largest number of different launch sites

3 sites
- Frederick W. Sturckow (USA) – Kennedy Space Center (four times aboard a Space Shuttle 1998–2010), Mojave Air and Space Port (aboard a Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo in 2018), and Spaceport America (also aboard a SpaceShipTwo, in 2021).
- John Young (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (now Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, twice aboard a Gemini capsule 1965-1966), Kennedy Space Center (four times, twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1971, twice aboard a Space Shuttle 1981-1983), Descartes Highlands (from the moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
- Neil Armstrong (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Tranquility Base (from the moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
- Buzz Aldrin (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Tranquility Base (from the moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
- Pete Conrad (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (twice aboard a Gemini capsule 1965-1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1973), Ocean of Storms (from the moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
- Alan Shepard (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Mercury capsule in 1961), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1971), Frau Moro (from the moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
- David Scott (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1971), Hadley Rille (from the moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
- Gene Cernan (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Taurus-Littrow (from the moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).

Note: SpaceShipTwo flights are suborbital. SpaceShipTwo flights surpass the U.S. definition of spaceflight (50 mi (80.47 km)), but fall short of the Kármán line (100 km (62.14 mi)), the FAI definition used for most space recordkeeping.

Duration records

Total human spaceflight time by country

Template:TotalHumanSpaceFlightByNation

Most time in space

Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, who has spent 878 days in space over five missions, became the record holder for the most time spent in space when he surpassed, on 28 June 2015, the record of cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Yuri Malenchenko is currently in second place, having spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights.^[20]^[21]^[22]

As of 30 March 2022^[update],^[23] the following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space, most of it acquired from spaceflight on long-duration missions.

Color key:

Rank	Person	Days	Flights	Status	Nationality
1	Gennady Padalka	878.480	5	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
2	Yuri Malenchenko	827.389	6	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
3	Sergei Krikalev	803.371	6	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
4	Aleksandr Kaleri	769.276	5	Active	Template:Country data Russia
5	Sergei Avdeyev	747.593	3	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
6	Oleg Kononenko	736.780	4	Active	Template:Country data Russia / Template:Country data Turkmenistan
7	Anton Shkaplerov	709.336	4	Active	Template:Country data Russia
8	Valeri Polyakov	678.690	2	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
9	Fyodor Yurchikhin	672.860	5	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
10	Peggy Whitson	665.932	3	Active	United States
11	Anatoly Solovyev	651.117	5	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
12	Viktor Afanasyev	555.772	4	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
13	Yury Usachov	552.773	4	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
14	Sergey Volkov	547.931	3	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
15	Pavel Vinogradov	546.939	3	Active	Template:Country data Russia
16	Aleksandr Skvortsov	545.964	3	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
17	Musa Manarov	541.021	2	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union (Template:Country data Azerbaijan)
18	Oleg Skripochka	536.159	3	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
19	Jeffrey Williams	534.116	4	Retired	United States
20	Mikhail Tyurin	532.118	3	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
21	Oleg Novitsky	531.290	3	Active	Template:Country data Russia
22	Oleg Kotov	526.211	3	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
23	Mark T. Vande Hei	523.374	2	Active	United States
24	Scott Kelly	520.440	4	Retired^[24]	United States
25	Mikhail Kornienko	516.417	2	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
26	Aleksandr Viktorenko	489.066	4	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
27	Oleg Artemyev	Template:Sum	3	Active	Template:Country data Russia
28	Anatoli Ivanishin	476.195	3	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
29	Nikolai Budarin	444.060	3	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
30	Yuri Romanenko	430.765	3	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union
31	Thomas Pesquet	396.482	2	Active	Template:Country data France
32	Aleksandr Volkov	391.495	3	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
33	Yury Onufriyenko	389.282	2	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
34	Shane Kimbrough	388.728	3	Active	United States
35	Vladimir Titov	387.036	4	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
36	Vasily Tsibliyev	381.662	2	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
37	Valery Korzun	381.653	2	Retired	Template:Country data Russia
38	Michael Fincke	381.633	3	Active	United States
39	Christopher Cassidy	377.742	3	Retired	United States
40	Aleksey Ovchinin	374.813	2	Active	Template:Country data Russia
41	Leonid Kizim	374.749	3	Deceased	Template:Country data Soviet Union
42	Michael Foale	373.763	6	Retired	United States / Template:Country data United Kingdom^[25]
43	Aleksandr Serebrov	372.954	4	Deceased	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
44	Valery Ryumin	371.725	4	Deceased	Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
45	Donald Pettit	369.696	3	Active	United States
46	Luca Parmitano	366.959	2	Active	Template:Country data Italy
47	Alexander Gerst	362.076	2	Active	Template:Country data Germany
48	Vladimir Solovyov	361.952	2	Retired	Template:Country data Soviet Union
49	Sergey Ryzhikov	358.101	2	Active	Template:Country data Russia
50	Pyotr Dubrov	355.156	1	Active	Template:Country data Russia

Ten longest human spaceflights

#	Time in space	Crew	Country	Launch date (Launch craft)	Landing date (Landing craft)	Space station or mission type
1	437.7 days^[26]^[27]	Valeri Polyakov^[26]	Template:RUS	1994-01-08 (Soyuz TM-18)	1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20)	Mir^[26]
2	379.6 days^[27]	Sergei Avdeyev^[27]	Template:RUS	1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28)	1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29)	Mir^[27]
3	365.9 days^[27]	Vladimir Titov^[27] Musa Manarov^[27]	Template:USSR	1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4)	1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6)	Mir^[27]
4	355.2 days^[28]	Template:Ublist	Template:Ublist	2021-04-09 (Soyuz MS-18)	2022-03-30 (Soyuz MS-19)	International Space Station
5	340.4 days	Mikhail Kornienko Scott Kelly	Template:RUS United States United States	2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M)	2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M)	International Space Station, ISS year-long mission
6	328.6 days^[29]^[30]	Christina Koch^[30]	United States United States	2019-03-15 (Soyuz MS-12)	2020-02-06 (Soyuz MS-13)	International Space Station
7	326.5 days^[31]	Yuri Romanenko^[31]	Template:USSR	1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2)	1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3)	Mir^[31]
8	311.8 days^[32]	Sergei Krikalev^[32]	Template:USSR/Template:RUS	1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12)	1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13)	Mir^[32]
9	289.2 days^[33]	Peggy Whitson^[33]	United States United States	2016-11-17 (Soyuz MS-03)	2017-09-03 (Soyuz MS-04)	International Space Station^[33]
10	271.5 days^[34]	Andrew R. Morgan	United States United States	2019-07-20 (Soyuz MS-13)	2020-04-17 (Soyuz MS-15)	International Space Station

Longest single flight by a woman

NASA astronaut Christina Koch holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman (328 days), returning on February 6, 2020.^[30] She surpassed NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson's 289 days during Expedition 61 in 2019. In third place is American astronaut Anne McClain with 204 days.^[35]

Longest continuous occupation of space

An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000, when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later it docked with the International Space Station.^[16]^[36] Since then space has been continuously occupied for Template:Age in years and days.^[16]

Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft

The International Space Station has been continuously occupied by a Russian and US crew member since 2 November 2000 (Template:Age in years and days).^[16]^[36] It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.^[36]

Longest solo flight

Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days, 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963.^[37] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, T. K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

Longest time on the lunar surface

Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.^[38] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds (as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer).^[38]

Longest time in lunar orbit

Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours)^[39] along with five mice; however, for the solo portion of a flight around the Moon, T. K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

Speed and altitude records

Farthest humans from Earth

The Apollo 13 crew (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert), while passing over the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km (158 mi) from the lunar surface, were 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth.^[40] This record-breaking distance was reached at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.^[40]

Highest altitude for crewed non-lunar mission

Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr. and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km).^[41]

Fastest

The Apollo 10 crew (Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans: 39,897 kilometers per hour (11.082 kilometers per second or 24,791 miles per hour, approximately 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037% of the speed of light).^[16] The record was set 26 May 1969.^[16]

In 2021, the Parker Solar Probe at 587,000 km/h became the fastest moving spacecraft, at about 1/1850 (or 0.05%) the speed of light.

Age records

Earliest-born to reach space

Suborbital flight

Joe Walker (born 20 February 1921), on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963 (approx. 12 minutes.)

Orbital spaceflight

Man – Georgy Beregovoy (born 15 April 1921), on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968 (81 orbits in approx. 4 days.)
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963 (48 orbits, approx. 3 days.)

Youngest

Suborbital flight

Man - Oliver Daemen (aged 18 years), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (approx. 10 minutes.)
Woman - Sirisha Bandla (aged 33 years), on Virgin Galactic Unity 22, on 11 July 2021 (approx. 36 minutes.)

Note: The Virgin Galactic Unity 22 flight surpassed the U.S. definition of spaceflight (50 mi (80.47 km)), but fell short of the Kármán line (100 km (62.14 mi)), the FAI definition used for most space recordkeeping.

Orbital spaceflight

Man – Gherman Titov (aged 25 years), on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961 (17.5 orbits, approx. 1 day.)^[16]
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (aged 26 years), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963 (48 orbits, approx. 3 days.)

Oldest

Suborbital flight

Man - William Shatner (aged 90), on Blue Origin NS-18, on 13 October 2021 (approx. 10 minutes.)^[42]
Woman - Wally Funk (aged 82), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (approx. 10 minutes.)

Orbital spaceflight

Man – John Glenn (aged 77), on STS-95 on 29 October 1998 (approx. 9 days, 20 hours.)^[16]
Woman – Peggy Whitson (aged 56), on Soyuz MS-03 on 17 November 2016 (approx. 289 days.) She turned 57 on 9 February 2017, while still in space.^[43]

Spacewalk records

Most spacewalks (number and duration)

Both of these are the record for the largest total number of spacewalks by a male and a female, and the most cumulative time spent on spacewalks by a male and a female.

Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for a total time of 82 hours, 21 minutes.^[44]
Woman – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.^[45]^[46]^[47]

Most spacewalks during a single mission

7: Anatoly Solovyev, during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98. (Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.)
7: Andrew Morgan, during his first spaceflight on board the ISS for Expedition 60/61/62 in 2019–2020. He spent 45 hours and 48 minutes outside the station.

Longest single spacewalk

8 hrs 56 min, by James Voss and Susan Helms, 11 March 2001 on an ISS assembly mission during Shuttle mission STS-102. The space walkers were delayed early in their excursion when a portable foot restraint attachment device became untethered, and Voss had to retrieve a spare from its storage location on the outside of the station's Unity module. After approximately six hours of work the pair reentered Space Shuttle Discovery’s airlock and waited for a docking port to be maneuvered to its new location, but remained at the ready to assist if needed.

Greatest distance from a spacecraft during a spacewalk

All-time (and while on a planetary body^[48]): 7.6 kilometers^[49]^:1144 (4.7 miles, 25,029 feet^[50]), Apollo 17, Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt, EVA-2, December 12, 1972. During their second of three moonwalks, Cernan and Schmitt rode the lunar rover to geological station 2, Nansen Crater, at the foot of the South Massif. As all spacewalks not occurring on a planetary body (the Moon) have involved short maximum distances from the spacecraft (see below), this remains the furthest distance that humans have traveled away from the safety of a pressurizable spacecraft, during an EVA of any type.
Orbital flight: approximately 100 meters (or 330 feet), Bruce McCandless, STS-41-B, February 7, 1984. With the exception of six Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) sorties in 1984 and a test of the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) in 1994, all other orbital spacewalks have involved a safety tether, anchoring the spacefarer to the spacecraft at a short distance. Among the former untethered spacewalks, Bruce McCandless' first test of the MMU established an orbital EVA distance record from a spacecraft which remained unbroken by later untethered EVAs.^[51]

Animal records

First animals in space

The first animals to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles (109 km).^[52] They were also the first animals to safely return from space.^[52] Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first primate in space aboard a U.S. V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949, and died on reentry due to a parachute failure.

First animal in orbit

Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

First Hominidae in space

On 31 January 1961, through NASA's Mercury-Redstone 2 mission the chimpanzee Ham became the first great ape or Hominidae in space.^[53]

Longest canine single flight

Soviet space dogs Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

First animals beyond low Earth orbit

An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 15 September 1968.^[52] It was launched by a Proton-K rocket.^[52] The capsule came within 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of the Moon and later successfully returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon.^[52]

Notable uncrewed or non-human spaceflights

In reference to:	Spacecraft	Event	Origin	Date
Earth	MW 18014 (A-4(V-2))	First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight).	Template:Country data Nazi Germany Germany	20 June 1944
Earth	V-2 No. 20	First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.	USA	20 February 1947
Earth	R-1V^[54]	First mammals (dogs) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	22 July 1951
Earth	Sputnik 1	First satellite in orbit.^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	4 October 1957
Earth	Sputnik 2	First animal in orbit, Laika the dog.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	3 November 1957
Earth	Vanguard 1	Oldest satellite still in orbit, in addition to its upper launch stage. Expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964.	USA	17 March 1958
Earth	Pioneer 1	Failed to reach the Moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi) from Earth.	USA	11 October 1958
Earth	Jupiter AM-13	First monkey in space, Gordo, a squirrel monkey.	USA	13 December 1958
Earth	Luna 1	First spacecraft to achieve Earth's escape velocity.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	4 January 1959
Moon	Luna 1	First flyby. Distance of 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi).	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	4 January 1959
Sun	Luna 1	First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	4 January 1959
Moon	Luna 2	First impact.^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	14 September 1959
Moon	Luna 3	First image of lunar far-side.^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	7 October 1959
Earth	Discoverer 13	First satellite recovered from orbit.^[5]	USA	11 August 1960
Earth	Korabl-Sputnik 2	First living beings recovered from orbit.^[55]	Template:Country data USSR USSR	19 August 1960
Earth	Mercury-Redstone 2	First great ape or Hominidae in space, Ham the chimpanzee.^[53]	USA	31 January 1961
Venus	Venera 1	First flyby. Distance of 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) (lost communication contact before).^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	19 May 1961
Moon	Ranger 4	First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.^[56]	USA	26 April 1962
Earth	Alouette 1	First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the USA or USSR (the British satellite Ariel 1, launched five months earlier, was designed and constructed by the USA).^[57]	Canada	29 September 1962
Venus	Mariner 2	First planetary flyby. Distance of 34,762 kilometres (21,600 mi) (with communication contact).	USA	14 December 1962
Earth	Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1	Oldest spacecraft still in use (50 years as of 2015^[update]).	USA	6 May 1965
Mars	Mariner 4	First flyby and first planetary imaging. Distance of 9,846 kilometres (6,118 mi).	USA	14 July 1965
Earth	Astérix	First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the USA or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets).	Template:Country data France France	26 November 1965
Moon	Luna 9	First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface.^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	3 February 1966
Earth	Kosmos 110	First seeds to germinate in space.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	22 February 1966
Venus	Venera 3	First impact.^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	1 March 1966
Moon	Luna 10	First orbiter.^[5]	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	3 April 1966
Docking	Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188	First automated docking of uncrewed spacecraft.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	30 October 1967
Moon	Surveyor 6	First planned, controlled, powered flight from the surface of another body.	USA	17 November 1967
Moon	Zond 5	First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth. First animals to circle the Moon.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	15 September 1968
Moon	Luna 16	First automated sample return.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	24 September 1970
Moon	Luna 17	First robotic roving vehicle, Lunokhod 1.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	17 November 1970
Venus	Venera 7	First soft landing on another planet.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	15 December 1970
Earth	Salyut 1	First space station.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	19 April 1971
Mars	Mariner 9	First orbiter.	USA	14 November 1971
Mars	Mars 2	First impact.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	27 November 1971
Mars	Mars 3	First soft landing. Maintained telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	2 December 1971
Sun	Pioneer 10	First spacecraft to achieve the Sun's escape velocity.	USA	3 March 1972
Jupiter	Pioneer 10	First flyby. Distance of 132,000 kilometres (82,000 mi).	USA	4 December 1973
Mercury	Mariner 10	First flyby. Distance of 703 kilometres (437 mi).	USA	29 March 1974
Venus	Venera 9	First orbiter. First surface-level imaging of another planet.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	22 October 1975
Mars	Viking 1	First surface-level imaging of Mars.	USA	20 July 1976
Saturn	Pioneer 11	First flyby. Distance of 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi).	USA	1 September 1979
Venus	Venera 13	First sound recording made on another planet.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	1 March 1982
Orbital Space Station	Soyuz T-5, Salyut 7	First species of plant to flower in space.^[58] Arabidopsis thaliana Valentin Lebedev.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	1 July 1982
Trans-Neptunian region	Pioneer 10	First to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the furthest major planet from the Sun.	USA	13 June 1983
Venus	Vega 1	First helium balloon atmospheric probe. First flight (as opposed to atmospheric entry) in another planet's atmosphere.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	11 June 1985
Comet Giacobini-Zinner	International Cometary Explorer (ICE)	First flyby through a comet tail (no pictures). Distance of 7,800 kilometres (4,800 mi).	USA	11 September 1985
Uranus	Voyager 2	First flyby. Distance of 81,500 kilometres (50,600 mi).	USA	24 January 1986
Comet Halley	Vega 1	First comet flyby (with pictures returned). Distance of 8,890 kilometres (5,520 mi).	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	6 March 1986
Earth	Mir Core Module, Kvant-1	First modular space station.	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	9 April 1987
Orbital Spaceplane	Buran	First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing).	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	15 November 1988
Phobos	Phobos 2	First flyby. Distance of 860 kilometres (530 mi).	Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR	21 February 1989
Neptune	Voyager 2	First flyby. Distance of 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi).	USA	25 August 1989
951 Gaspra	Galileo	First asteroid flyby. Distance of 1,600 kilometres (990 mi).	USA	29 October 1991
Jupiter	Galileo probe	First impact.	USA	7 December 1995
Jupiter	Galileo	First orbiter.	USA	8 December 1995
Mars	Mars Pathfinder	First automated roving vehicle, Sojourner.	USA	4 July 1997
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker	First asteroid orbiter.	USA	14 February 2000
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker	First asteroid soft landing.	USA	12 February 2001
Saturn	Cassini orbiter	First orbiter.	ESA USA Template:Country data Italy	1 July 2004
Solar wind	Genesis	First sample return from farther than the Moon.	USA	8 September 2004
Titan	Huygens probe	First soft landing.	ESA USA	14 January 2005
Comet Tempel 1	Deep Impact	First comet impact.	USA	4 July 2005
25143 Itokawa	Hayabusa	First asteroid ascent. First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.^{[clarification needed]}	Template:Country data Japan Japan	19 November 2005
81P/Wild	Stardust	First sample return from comet.	USA	15 January 2006
Earth	Voyager 1	Farthest distance from Earth (13,820,000,000 miles (2.224×10¹⁰ km; 148.7 AU)). Farthest distance from the Sun (13,751,000,000 miles (2.2130×10¹⁰ km; 147.93 AU)).	USA	As of December 2019^[update]^[59]
Longest time in operation	Voyager 2	Longest continually operating space probe (since August 1977).	USA	As of 2015^[update]
Earth to Venus trajectory	IKAROS	First interplanetary solar sail.	Template:Country data Japan Japan	Set sail on 10 June 2010
25143 Itokawa	Hayabusa	First sample return from an asteroid.	Template:Country data Japan Japan	13 June 2010
Mercury	MESSENGER	First orbiter.	USA	17 March 2011
Earth–Sun L2 Lagrange point	Chang'e 2	First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.^[60]	Template:Country data China China	25 August 2011
International Space Station	SpaceX Dragon	First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station.	USA	25 May 2012
Interstellar medium	Voyager 1	First spacecraft to cross the heliopause, thereby exiting the heliosphere and entering interstellar space.	USA	25 August 2012
4179 Toutatis	Chang'e 2	First object to reach an asteroid directly from a Sun-Earth Langrangian point. First probe to explore both the Moon and an asteroid.^[61]	Template:Country data China China	13 December 2012
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko	Rosetta	First comet orbiter.^[62]	ESA	6 August 2014
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko	Philae	First comet soft landing.^[63]	ESA	12 November 2014
Ceres	Dawn	First dwarf planet orbiter.^[64]	USA	6 March 2015
Mars	Opportunity	Longest distance traveled on surface of another world (26.219 miles (42.195 km), marathon-length).^[65]	USA	23 March 2015
Mercury	MESSENGER	First impact.^[66]	USA	30 April 2015
Pluto	New Horizons	First flyby of Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx. First up-close images of the Pluto system and of Pluto and Charon's surfaces. First to explore the Kuiper belt.	USA	14 July 2015
All 9 planets in the pre-IAU redefinition version of the Solar System	All United States spacecraft including New Horizons	With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes explore all nine planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System.	USA	14 July 2015
Earth	Falcon 9	First re-flight of orbital class rocket.^[67]	USA	30 March 2017
Earth	Falcon 9 H-IIA-202	Shortest period between orbital launches (launched 72 seconds apart).^[68]	USA Template:Country data Japan Japan	23 December 2017
Moon	Chang'e 4	First soft landing at the far side of the Moon.	Template:Country data China China	3 January 2019
101955 Bennu	OSIRIS-REx	Smallest body to be orbited by spacecraft (492 m (1,600 ft) diameter) and closest ever orbit (680 m (2,230 ft) altitude).^[69]^[70]	USA	12 June 2019
Moon	Chang'e 5	First rendezvous and docking by a robotic spacecraft in lunar orbit.^[71]	Template:Country data China China	5 December 2020
Mars	Ingenuity	First controlled, powered flight by a rotary wing aircraft on another planet.^[72]	USA	19 April 2021
Sun	Parker Solar Probe	Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun: 163 km/s (587,000 km/h; 365,000 mph).^{[dated info]} Closest ever approach to the Sun: distance of 0.057 AU (8,500,000 kilometres; 5,300,000 mi).^[73] Spacecraft will continue to lower its perihelion by multiple Venus gravity assists until its closest approach in 2024, which is expected to bring the probe within 9.86 solar radii (6,900,000 km; 4,300,000 mi) of the Sun's surface at a velocity of 191.7 km/s (690,000 km/h; 430,000 mph),^[74] by which point it will have become the fastest object in the Solar System apart from comets (overtaking asteroid 2005 HC4).	USA	21 November 2021

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^ "Blue Origin sends William Shatner to the final frontier", 13 October 2021.
^ ABC News.
^ GCTC, Biographies of Cosmonauts: Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre.
^ Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs^{[permanent dead link]}, May 23, 2017
^ ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks. NASASpaceflight.com (12 May 2017).
^ Spacefacts (2017). Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience (sorted by "EVA Time"). Spacefacts.
^ Swift, Earl (2021). Across the Airless Wilds. Custom House. pp. 280–281. ISBN 9780062986535.
^ Apollo 17 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription.
^ Extravehicular Activity.
^ Chaikin, Andrew (October 2014). Untethered. Air and Space Magazine.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Tate, Karl (17 April 2013). Cosmic Menagerie: A History of Animals in Space (Infographic). Space.com.
^ ^a ^b My steps for Bataan.
^ R-1V.
^ Asif A. Siddiqi. Challenge to Apollo. NASA.; see page. 253
^ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy. 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.
^ Alouette I and II (en). Government of Canada (5 March 2012).
^ Guinness World Record: First species of plant to flower in space.
^ "Where are the Voyagers?". “Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth, the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year.”
^ "Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2", 2011-08-27.
^ "China's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis" Archived 2012-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. Chinadaily.com.cn.16 December 2012.
^ esa. Rosetta arrives at comet destination.
^ "Philae probe makes historic comet landing", BBC News, 12 November 2014.
^ Barnett, Amanda (6 March 2015). NASA's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres. CNN.
^ McKirdy, Euan (25 March 2015). Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone. CNN.
^ Corum, Jonathan. "Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury", 30 April 2015.
^ Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite, Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight.
^ TMRO:Space – Looking forward to 2018 – Orbit 11.01.
^ NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Arrives at Asteroid Bennu. NASA (2018-12-03).
^ NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission Breaks Another Orbit Record. NASA (2019-06-13).
^ 2nd LD-Writethru-Xinhua Headlines: China completes first spacecraft rendezvous, docking in lunar orbit, | The Star.
^ Palca, Joe. "Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes First Powered Flight On Mars", National Public Radio, 19 April 2021.
^ Hatfield, Miles (2021-11-10). Space Dust Presents Opportunities, Challenges as Parker Solar Probe Speeds Back toward the Sun (en-US). NASA.
^ Parker Solar Probe Presskit.

External links

Russia's unmanned Moon missions

Template:Extreme motion Template:Spaceflight Template:Space exploration lists and timelines Template:Politics of outer space

[Gar-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gebhardt, Chris (12 April 2011). Anniversaries: 50 years of human spaceflight – 30 years for Shuttle. NASASpaceFlight (not affiliated with NASA).

[F7-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7). NASA (1 November 2011).

[Friend7-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7). NASA (20 November 2006).

[ChinFirst-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Making History: China's First Human Spaceflight. Space.com (28 September 2005).

[flight1967-03-23-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "MAJOR SPACE "FIRSTS'-AN AMERICAN ASSESSMENT" (PDF). Flight. 91 (3028): 459. 1967-03-23. Retrieved 2009-04-15.

[6] Geek Trivia: A leap of fakes.

[7] Gagarin's Falsified Flight Record (en).

[8] Astronautix.com: Mercury MR-3.

[9] Neal, Valerie; Lewis, Cathleen S.; Winter, Frank H. (1995). Spaceflight: a Smithsonian Guide. Macmillan. p. 234. ISBN 9780028600406.

[10] Neal et al, p. 234.

[Rooney-11] Rooney, Anne (2014). Space Record Breakers. Carlton. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9781783120727.

[12] Neal et al., p. 235

[13] Neal et al, p. 86.

[14] Rooney, pp. 42–43.

[kizimdead-15] Pearlman, Robert (17 June 2010). Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim, Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission, Dies. Space.com.

[MostExtreme-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Wall, Mike (11 March 2015). The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records. Space.com.

[17] Sheetz, Michael (2020-05-30). SpaceX launches two NASA astronauts to space for the first time in historic US mission (en).

[18] Potter, Sean (2020-05-30). NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon.

[bio-19] Astronaut Biography. NASA (11 February 2015).

[skk2-20] NASA (2005). Krikalev Sets Time-in-Space Record. NASA.

[p4n-21] "Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space", Penny4NASA, 29 June 2015.

[22] Russian astronaut record-breaker Padalka returns to Earth, BBC News, 12 September 2015

[Spacefacts-23] Astronauts and Cosmonauts (sorted by "Time in Space"). spacefacts.de. The current missions are listed but not included in day count.

[24] Northon, Karen (2016-03-11). Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April.

[25] Michael Foale holds dual U.S./British citizenship.

[NYT-26] Schwirtz, Michael. "Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars", The New York Times, 2009-03-30.

[SpaceYearMis-27] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Pearlman, Robert (26 March 2015). One Year in Space: A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth. Space.com.

[28] Zak, Anatoly (2 January 2022). Russian space program in 2021. RussianSpaceWeb.com.

[29] Christina Koch Completes 328-Day Mission in Space (6 February 2020).

[Kochrecords-30] Astronaut Christina Koch sets new record for longest single space flight by a woman. CBS News (27 December 2019).

[GiantD-31] Carroll, Michael (2015). Living Among Giants: Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System. Springer. p. 195. ISBN 978-3319106731.

[WarNYT-32] Leary, Warren (4 Feb 1994). Man in the News: Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev; Symbol of New Cooperation. New York Times.

[Whitsonrecords-33] Soyuz MS-04 lands as Peggy Whitson ends record-breaking mission. NASASpaceflight (2 Sep 2017).

[34] Astronaut Biography: Andrew Morgan.

[35] Harwood, William. 3 station fliers complete "once-in-a-lifetime ride" home after 204-day stay in orbit.

[10Year-36] 10 Years and Counting. NASA (28 October 2010).

[37] Astronautic World Records: Spacecraft with one astronaut – General category. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. This only counts the duration of solo flight within a mission, so a longer mission with solo flight, such as Apollo 17 at 12d+13h duration is surpassed because the solo undocked duration was only 3d+7h.)

[NASAAP17-38] Mission Report: Apollo 17 – The Most Productive Lunar Expedition. NASA.

[39] Ronal Evans Biographical Data. NASA (April 1990). “longest time in lunar orbit, 147 hours, 48 minutes”

[Apollo13History-40] Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970. NASA.

[41] Dumoulin, Jim (August 25, 2000), NASA Project Gemini-XI, archived from the original on September 18, 2018, retrieved April 12, 2010

[42] "Blue Origin sends William Shatner to the final frontier", 13 October 2021.

[43] ABC News.

[44] GCTC, Biographies of Cosmonauts: Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre.

[45] Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs^{[permanent dead link]}, May 23, 2017

[evanine-46] ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks. NASASpaceflight.com (12 May 2017).

[EVA2017-47] Spacefacts (2017). Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience (sorted by "EVA Time"). Spacefacts.

[48] Swift, Earl (2021). Across the Airless Wilds. Custom House. pp. 280–281. ISBN 9780062986535.

[transcript-49] Apollo 17 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription.

[eva_table-50] Extravehicular Activity.

[51] Chaikin, Andrew (October 2014). Untethered. Air and Space Magazine.

[spaceanimals-52] Tate, Karl (17 April 2013). Cosmic Menagerie: A History of Animals in Space (Infographic). Space.com.

[My_steps_for_Bataan-53] My steps for Bataan.

[54] R-1V.

[55] Asif A. Siddiqi. Challenge to Apollo. NASA.; see page. 253

[56] Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy. 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.

[57] Alouette I and II (en). Government of Canada (5 March 2012).

[58] Guinness World Record: First species of plant to flower in space.

[59] "Where are the Voyagers?". “Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth, the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year.”

[60] "Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2", 2011-08-27.

[61] "China's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis" Archived 2012-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. Chinadaily.com.cn.16 December 2012.

[62] sa. Rosetta arrives at comet destination.

[63] "Philae probe makes historic comet landing", BBC News, 12 November 2014.

[64] Barnett, Amanda (6 March 2015). NASA's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres. CNN.

[65] McKirdy, Euan (25 March 2015). Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone. CNN.

[66] Corum, Jonathan. "Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury", 30 April 2015.

[67] Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite, Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight.

[68] TMRO:Space – Looking forward to 2018 – Orbit 11.01.

[69] NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Arrives at Asteroid Bennu. NASA (2018-12-03).

[70] NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission Breaks Another Orbit Record. NASA (2019-06-13).

[71] 2nd LD-Writethru-Xinhua Headlines: China completes first spacecraft rendezvous, docking in lunar orbit, | The Star.

[72] Palca, Joe. "Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes First Powered Flight On Mars", National Public Radio, 19 April 2021.

[73] Hatfield, Miles (2021-11-10). Space Dust Presents Opportunities, Challenges as Parker Solar Probe Speeds Back toward the Sun (en-US). NASA.

[74] Parker Solar Probe Presskit.

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First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country

Human spaceflight firsts

Most spaceflights

Most orbital launches from Earth

Most orbital launches overall

Largest number of different spacecraft at launch (from Earth only)

Largest number of different launch vehicles (overall)

Largest number of different launch sites

Duration records

Total human spaceflight time by country

Most time in space

Ten longest human spaceflights

Longest single flight by a woman

Longest continuous occupation of space

Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft

Longest solo flight

Longest time on the lunar surface

Longest time in lunar orbit

Speed and altitude records

Farthest humans from Earth

Highest altitude for crewed non-lunar mission

Fastest

Age records

Earliest-born to reach space

Suborbital flight

Orbital spaceflight

Youngest

Suborbital flight

Orbital spaceflight

Oldest

Suborbital flight

Orbital spaceflight

Spacewalk records

Most spacewalks (number and duration)

Most spacewalks during a single mission

Longest single spacewalk

Greatest distance from a spacecraft during a spacewalk

Animal records

First animals in space

First animal in orbit

First Hominidae in space

Longest canine single flight

First animals beyond low Earth orbit

Notable uncrewed or non-human spaceflights

See also

References

External links