Tazama chanzo cha Kupatwa kwa Jua

[[Picha:Solar eclipse animate (2006-Mar-29).gif|thumb|<center>'''Kupatwa kwa Jua tar. 29 Machi 2006'''</center><br />Kupita kwa kivuli cha mwezi duniani wakati wa kupatwa kwa Jua. Watu katika eneo kubwa la giza waliona kupatwa kwa Jua kisehemu. Nukta nyeusi yaonyesha sehemu ya "[[umbra]]" ambako Jua lilipatwa kabisa. Duara kubwa zaidi ya kijivu linaonyesha maeneo katika "[[penumbra]]", yaani kivuli cha kando. <br /> "Central duration" inataja muda wa kupatwa kabisa kwenye kitovu cha kivuli; namba katika kona ya juu huonyesha saa za tarehe 29 Machi kupatwa kulipotokea.]]
'''Kupatwa kwa Jua''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''solar eclipse'') ni hali ya [[Jua]] kutoonekana (au kuonekana kwa sehemu tu) [[Anga|angani]] wakati wa [[mchana]] kwa [[muda]] fulani hata pasipo [[mawingu]]. Kunatokea wakati [[Mwezi (gimba la angani)|mwezi]] unapita kati ya Jua na [[dunia]] na kufunika Jua. Tokeo lake ni kupungua kwa nuru ya Jua hadi kutoonekana kwa muda wa kufika kwa [[giza]] wakati wa mchana. Muda wa kufunikwa kabisa ni [[dakika]] chache tu. 

Kuna utofauti kati ya “Kupatwa kiasi” (ing. ''partial eclipse'') na “Kupatwa kikamilifu” (ing. ''total eclipse''). Kupatwa kwa Jua hutokea kila [[mwaka]], angalau mara [[mbili]] hadi mara [[tano]]. Lakini kupatwa kabisa kwa Jua hautokei zaidi kuliko mara mbili kwa mwaka.<ref>{{cite book  | last = Littmann
  | first = Mark  | coauthors = Fred Espenak, Ken Willcox  | title = Totality: Eclipses of the Sun  | url = https://archive.org/details/totalityeclipses00litt_550
  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | year = 2008  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/totalityeclipses00litt_550/page/n34 18]–19  | isbn = 0199532095}}</ref><ref>Kupatwa kwa Jua kulitokea mara tano katika mwaka 1935 {{Cite book|chapterurl=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE1901-2000.html|last=[[NASA]]|chapter=Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses |date=6 September, 2009|title=[http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html NASA Eclipse Web Site]|others=Fred Espenak, Project and Website Manager|accessdate=26 January 2010}}</ref>. Huonekana katika sehemu za Dunia pekee, si kote.

== Misingi ya kupatwa kwa Jua ==
[[Picha:Kupatwa_kwa_Jua.png|thumb|left|]]
Kupatwa kwa Jua kunatokea wakati Mwezi unapita kati ya Jua na Dunia. Hapo Jua, Mwezi na Dunia zinakaa kwenye mstari mmoja mnyoofu. Katika hali hiyo Mwezi hurusha [[kivuli]] chake kwenye uso wa Dunia. Kivuli hiki hakifuniki Dunia yote. Ni kama kinu kwenye uso wa Dunia. Nje ya kivuli hiki Jua linaonekana kwa sehemu au bila upungufu. 

Hali ya kupatwa kabisa kwa Jua inatazamwa kila mara kwenye mstari mwembamba kwenye uso wa Dunia, tena giza kabisa kwa muda mfupi. Mstari huu ni njia ya [[umbra]] au [[kitovu]] cha [[kivuli]] chake  kwenye uso wa Dunia. Nje ya njia hii kupatwa kwa Jua kunaonekana kisehemu tu katika sehemu zinazoathiriwa na [[penumbra]] au kivuli cha kando cha Mwezi. Mbali na njia ya kivuli hiki Jua linaonekana kama kawaida.

== Aina za kupatwa kwa Jua ==
Kuna aina mbalimbali za kupatwa kwa Jua.
* kupatwa kikamilifu: Jua hupotea kabisa kwa dakika chache. Hali hii yaonekana kwenye ukanda mwembamba duniani pale ambako kitovu cha kivuli kinapita.
* kupatwa kipete: mwezi huonekana mdogo kiasi kuliko Jua. Kwa hiyo [[duara]] la mwangaza wa Jua ni kubwa kuliko duara la Mwezi na [[mwanga]] wa Jua huonekana kama pete.
* kupatwa kwa Jua kiasi: Katika eneo kubwa la kivuli cha kando watu huona upungufu wa mwanga; kiasi chake hutegemea [[umbali]] wa kitovu cha kivuli. Wakitazama Jua kwa kichujio, kwa mfano [[kioo]] kilichopakwa [[dohani]] kutoka [[moshi]] wa [[mshumaa]], huwa wanaona sehemu ya duara ya Jua imefunikwa.

==Mpito wa sayari==
<small>angalia [[Mpito wa Zuhura]]</small>
Wakati [[sayari]] inapita kati ya Jua na Dunia inafunika sehemu ya Jua. Tofauti haionekani kwa [[macho]] lakini inaweza kutazamwa kwa kutumia [[darubini]]. Kuna sayari mbili zinazoweza kupita mbele ya Jua kwa macho ya mtazamaji duniani, ni [[Utaridi]] ''(Mercury)'' na [[Zuhura]] ''(Venus)''.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Kupatwa kwa Mwezi]]

==Marejeo==
<references/>

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2010.html#SE2010Jan15A Solar eclipse of January 15, 2010], [[Fred Espenak]], NASA
*[http://www.hermit.org/Eclipse/ Detailed eclipse explanations and predictions], Hermit Eclipse
*[http://www.zam.fme.vutbr.cz/~druck/Eclipse/ Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site]
* [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEatlas/SEatlas.html World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120714123918/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEatlas/SEatlas.html |date=2012-07-14 }}, Fred Espenak
* [http://www.bareket-astro.com/eclipse/Camera2.html Solar eclipse time sequence] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bareket-astro.com/eclipse/Camera2.html |date=20170929020754 }}
* [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/ NASA's Eclipse Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121205065537/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/ |date=2012-12-05 }}, Fred Espenak
* [http://www.shadowandsubstance.com/2009%200722%20SOLAR%20ECLIPSE/July%2022%202009%20Total%20Eclipse%20of%20the%20Sun.html Animated maps of past and future solar eclipses] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shadowandsubstance.com/2009%200722%20SOLAR%20ECLIPSE/July%2022%202009%20Total%20Eclipse%20of%20the%20Sun.html |date=20090530152142 }}
* [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html Search among the 11,898 solar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps] {{Wayback|url=http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html |date=20220604083837 }}
*[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070610.html Looking Back at an Eclipsed Earth] 1999 August 11 from [[Mir]] EO-27 - Astronomy Picture of the Day 10 June 2007
* [http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/solarEclipse.html ''Animated explanation of the mechanics of a solar eclipse''] {{Wayback|url=http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/solarEclipse.html |date=20110821085259 }}, University of Glamorgan
<!--*[http://www.pierpaoloricci.it/eventi/eclissi15-01-2010_eng.htm Solar eclipse 15 January 2010]-->
* [http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/gallery.asp?Gallery=Eclipses&page=1 Eclipse Image Gallery at The World at Night] {{Wayback|url=http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/gallery.asp?Gallery=Eclipses&page=1 |date=20161015033303 }}

=== Usalama wa macho wakati wa kuangalia ===
*[http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/safety.html Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120716084105/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/safety.html |date=2012-07-16 }}, F. Espenak (NASA [[Goddard Space Flight Center]])
*[http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/eclipses/article_609_1.asp How to Watch a Partial Solar Eclipse Safely] {{Wayback|url=http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/eclipses/article_609_1.asp |date=20060316153544 }}, A. M. MacRobert (Sky & Telescope magazine)
*[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/319/7208/469 UK hospitals assess eye damage after solar eclipse], British Medical Journal, August 21, 1999, p.&nbsp;319–469
{{mfumo wa jua}}
{{mbegu-sayansi}}
[[Jamii:matukio ya angani]]