Grekisk nationalism

Grekisk nationalism även kallad hellenism eller nyhellenism har sina rötter i uppkomsten av nationalismen i Europa under 1800-talet, och präglades av kampen för självständighet mot det Osmanska riket, vilket kulminerade i det grekiska frihetskriget (1821-1829), med hjälp av europeiska romantiska filhellener som Lord Byron. Ethniki Etairia (en grekiskt nationalistisk organisation) anses vara ansvarig för utbrottet av det grekisk-turkiska kriget 1897.

Historia

Under sin historia har grekisk nationalism sett ortodoxa kristna albaner, vlacher och bulgarer som grupper som skulle kunna assimileras i den grekiska nationen ^[1]. Den grekiska irredentismen, " Megali Idea" drabbats av ett bakslag i det grek-turkiska kriget (1919-1922) och det grekiska folkmordet. Sedan dess har grekisk-turkiska relationer präglats av spänningar mellan den grekiska och turkiska nationalismen som kulminerade under cypernkrisen 1974. Den grekisk-ortodoxa kyrkan (Greklands nationella kyrka) har varit en populär källa till grekisk nationalism.

Nationalismen har haft en betydande roll i grekisk politik under det ett och ett halvt århundrade som den grekiska staten har existerat.

Hellenismen

Greklands nationella ideologi Hellenismen^[2]^[3], formulerar synen på den grekiska historien, kulturen och idén, är en kraftfull ideologi för greker ^[4]. Grekiska intellektuella insåg tidigt att Fenix myten var för svagt att stötta en nationell ideologi i Grekland. Därför kom Hellenismen som kulturell tänkesätt att likställas med ”återfödelsen” av det klassiska Grekland, vilket resulterar i den ofrånkomliga utgallringen av alla perioder däremellan. De glömda perioderna behandlas som ”tomma sidor” som ska fyllas med den ”verkliga” grekiska historien ^[5].

Externa länkar

PANAYOTE ELIAS DIMITRAS, Greek Helsinki Monitor & Minority Rights Group - Greece (oktober 2000). ”Writing and Rewriting History in the Context of Balkan Nationalisms”. Southeast European Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 41-59. http://macedonianhr.org.au/reslib/docs/1252648306274.pdf. Läst 1 februari 2011.
Prof. Dr. Leonard A. Stone (juni - augusti 1999). ”A DIALOGUE OF PAST AND PRESENT: THE CONSTRUCTION AND (RE)PRESENTATION OF GREEK NATIONAL IDENTITY”. PERCEPTIONS, JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Volume IV - Number 2. http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LEONARD-A.-STONE2.pdf. Läst 1 februari 2011.
Johannes Siapkas, fil dr i Antikens kultur och samhällsliv vid Uppsala universitet. (13 augusti 2004). ”Akropolis en konstgjord nationalsymbol”. SVD. http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/understrecket/akropolis-en-konstgjord-nationalsymbol_158585.svd. Läst 9 januari 2011.
Prof. Nicolas Demertzis (1 september 1995). ”Contemporary Greek Nationalism and the Press”. National and Kapodistrian University of Atens, Department of Communication and Media Studies. Arkiverad från originalet den 7 januari 2013. https://archive.is/20130107170804/http://www2.media.uoa.gr/people/demertzis/pages/articles/docs/1995/Greek_nationalism_print.html. Läst 1 februari 2011.
Nicolas Prevelakis, Ph.D. in Political Philosophy, University of Paris-Sorbonne,Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the University Professors and the Institute for the Advancement of the Social Sciences, Boston University. ”The spirit of Greek Nationalism: the Greek case in the light of Greenfeld’s onceptual framework”. http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/hellenicObservatory/pdf/1st_Symposium/N_Prevelakis_paper.pdf. Läst 12 februari 2011.
Nikos Chrysoloras (3 juli 2002). ”Why Orthodoxy? Religion and Nationalism in Greek Political Culture”. Department of Government and Hellenic Observatory, LSE. http://www2.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/1st_Symposium/NicosChrysoloras1stLSESymposiumPaper.pdf. Läst 9 juli 2012.

Triandafyllidou, A., Calloni, M. and Mikrakis, A. (31 mars 1997). ”'New Greek Nationalism'”. Sociological Research Online, vol. 2, no. 1. http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/1/7.html. Läst 9 juli 2012.

”WISDOM OF HELLENISM- Change your life”. 10 oktober 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLqOy0pkcj4. Läst 29 oktober 2011.
”Hellenism: Ideology of the Ancient Greeks”. 7 februari 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Uh9qEZMQhU. Läst 29 oktober 2011.
”Nicos Dimou on Greek nationalism - 1994”. 29 oktober 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFnwgnO8LzE. Läst 3 november 2011.
”Greek nationalists threatening Greeks for saying the truth”. 29 oktober 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-7dyLAOlpU. Läst 4 november 2011.
Alex Pattakos (15 juli 2011). ”'Opa!' We Are All Greeks”. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-pattakos/big-fat-greek-wedding_b_897876.html. Läst 3 november 2011.
”Golden Dawn's leader speech after the election results”. 6 maj 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wY3u_tj6UBQ. Läst 8 maj 2012.

Litteratur

St Clair, William (2008). That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence. Open Book Publishers, UK. ISBN 978-1-906924-01-0. http://books.google.se/books?id=NphFnF2RRKUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Läst 14 februari 2011
Zacharia, Katerina (2008). Hellenisms: culture, identity, and ethnicity from antiquity to modernity. Ashgate Publishing Company, USA. ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0. http://books.google.se/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Läst 10 februari 2011

Se även

Panhellenism

Referenser

Fotnoter

^ Çaǧaptay, Soner (2006). Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk?. Taylor & Francis. sid. 161. ISBN 9780415384582. http://books.google.com/books?id=C0xU7NjkkqAC&pg=PA161&dq=Greek+nationalism+%2B+Orthodox&hl=en&ei=RynqTKX6HYTMswb12onYCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Greek%20nationalism%20%2B%20Orthodox&f=false. Läst 22 november 2010
^ Groen, Basilus Jacobus (2 juni 1998). Nationalism and Reconciliation: Orthodoxy in the Balkans, Religion, State & Society, Vol. 26, No. 2. Keston Institut genom Biblical Studies.org.uk. doi:10.1080/09637499808431814. ISSN 0963-7494. http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/26-2_111.pdf. Läst 26 november 2011. ”The Greek Orthodox Church confuses 'Hellenism', which is a nationalistic concept, with 'Christian Hellenism', which refers to Orthodox theology, worship and spirituality, sid 116”.
^ ”Hellenism and its near past. What is Hellenism?”. DIELLI. Arkiverad från originalet den 7 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120207042939/http://zeus10.webs.com/. Läst 26 november 2011. ”what Hellenism really is: an ideology”
^ Zacharia, Katerina (2008). Hellenisms: culture, identity, and ethnicity from antiquity to modernity. Ashgate Publishing Company, USA. ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0. http://books.google.se/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Läst 10 februari 2011. ”Hellenism as the embodiment of the Greek history, culture and spirit become a powerful ideology for Greeks, sid. 217”
^ Kopeček, Michal (2007). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945),s 73. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-60-8. http://books.google.se/books?id=TpPWvubBL0MC&pg=PA73&dq=phoenix#v=onepage&q=phoenix%20Hellenism&f=false. Läst 14 februari 2011. ”Thus, as Greek intellectuals soon realized the phoenix myth proved too weak to support a national ideology. For 'Hellenism' as a cultural discourse corresponded to the 'revival' of ancient Greece, which resulted in the inevitable rejection of all the in-between periods. The forgotten periods were now treated as 'empty pages' to be filled in. The silence was attributed to the religious prejudices of the Catholic West against Orthodox Byzantium an argument which in turn nurtured the Orthodox anti-Western trends. There was an obvious need for a narrative to replace the one coming from abroad. It was time for 'real' Greek history to be written".”

[Çaǧaptay2006-1] Çaǧaptay, Soner (2006). Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk?. Taylor & Francis. sid. 161. ISBN 9780415384582. http://books.google.com/books?id=C0xU7NjkkqAC&pg=PA161&dq=Greek+nationalism+%2B+Orthodox&hl=en&ei=RynqTKX6HYTMswb12onYCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Greek%20nationalism%20%2B%20Orthodox&f=false. Läst 22 november 2010

[2] Groen, Basilus Jacobus (2 juni 1998). Nationalism and Reconciliation: Orthodoxy in the Balkans, Religion, State & Society, Vol. 26, No. 2. Keston Institut genom Biblical Studies.org.uk. doi:10.1080/09637499808431814. ISSN 0963-7494. http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/26-2_111.pdf. Läst 26 november 2011. ”The Greek Orthodox Church confuses 'Hellenism', which is a nationalistic concept, with 'Christian Hellenism', which refers to Orthodox theology, worship and spirituality, sid 116”.

[3] ”Hellenism and its near past. What is Hellenism?”. DIELLI. Arkiverad från originalet den 7 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120207042939/http://zeus10.webs.com/. Läst 26 november 2011. ”what Hellenism really is: an ideology”

[4] Zacharia, Katerina (2008). Hellenisms: culture, identity, and ethnicity from antiquity to modernity. Ashgate Publishing Company, USA. ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0. http://books.google.se/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Läst 10 februari 2011. ”Hellenism as the embodiment of the Greek history, culture and spirit become a powerful ideology for Greeks, sid. 217”

[5] Kopeček, Michal (2007). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945),s 73. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-60-8. http://books.google.se/books?id=TpPWvubBL0MC&pg=PA73&dq=phoenix#v=onepage&q=phoenix%20Hellenism&f=false. Läst 14 februari 2011. ”Thus, as Greek intellectuals soon realized the phoenix myth proved too weak to support a national ideology. For 'Hellenism' as a cultural discourse corresponded to the 'revival' of ancient Greece, which resulted in the inevitable rejection of all the in-between periods. The forgotten periods were now treated as 'empty pages' to be filled in. The silence was attributed to the religious prejudices of the Catholic West against Orthodox Byzantium an argument which in turn nurtured the Orthodox anti-Western trends. There was an obvious need for a narrative to replace the one coming from abroad. It was time for 'real' Greek history to be written".”

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