Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Kalapa

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Kalapa
| status = {{StatusSecure}}
| image = Cocos nucifera.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Tangkal Kalapa (''Cocos nucifera'')
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Tangkal kembangan|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Arecales]]
| familia = [[Arecaceae]]
| genus = ''Cocos''
| species = '''''C. nucifera'''''
| binomial = ''Cocos nucifera''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''Kalapa''' (''Cocos nucifera'') nyata tangkal anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Arecaceae]] (kulawarga palem), hiji-hijina spésiés dina [[Genus]] ''Cocos'', nu mangrupa palem gedé, jangkungna bisa nepi ka 30 m, panjang [[barangbang]] 4–6 m (semplak mun geus garing), 'daun' 60–90&nbsp;cm. Istilah '''kalapa''' leuwih nujul ka buahna, lain tangkalna.

== Asal-usul jeung budidaya ==
Asal-usul ieu tangkal nepi ka kiwari masih dipadungdengkeun; aya nu nyebut asli [[Asia Tenggara]], aya ogé nu nyebut palsu [[Amérika Kidul]]. Catetan [[fosil]] ti [[Selandia Anyar]] nunjukkeun yén tutuwuhan sarupa kalapa, tapi leutik, geus aya di daérah éta 15 juta taun ka tukang. Fosil nu leuwih heubeul aya ogé di [[Rajastan]] & [[Maharastra]], [[India]]. Nu puguh, kalapa geus sumebar ka sakuliah dunya tropis, sigana mah dibantu ku para palaut. Kalapa bisa ngambang antukna bisa waé sumebar kabawa palid ku ombak laut: anu palid nepi ka Norwégia waé kanyahoan hirup kénéh (bisa tumuwuh). Di [[kapuloan Hawaii]], kalapa téh dianggap tutuwuhan bawaan urang [[Polinésia]] ti lemah caina di [[Oséania|Pasipik Kidul]].
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The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity and prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular rainfall (750 to 2,000 mm annually), which makes colonising shorelines of the tropics relatively straightforward. Coconuts also need high humidity (70–80%+) for optimum growth, which is why they are rarely seen in areas with low humidity (e.g. the [[Mediterranean]]), even where temperatures are high enough. They are very hard to establish and grow in dry climates.

[[Image:CoconutMandari.JPG|left|thumb|Coconuts affected by ''[[Eriophyid]] mites''- Location: [[Taliparamba]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]]]
 
The flowers of the coconut palm are [[polygamomonoecious]], with both male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously, with female flowers producing seeds. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-[[pollination|pollinated]], although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.

==Buahna==
[[Image:coconut_harvest.jpg|thumb|Mupu kalapa]]
[[Image:Cocos nucifera14.jpg|thumb|left|Kalapa asak na tangkal]]
[[botany|Botanically]], a coconut is a ''simple dry [[fruit]]'' known as a '''fibrous [[drupe]]''' (not a true [[nut (fruit)|nut]]). The husk ('''mesocarp''') is composed of fibres called ''[[coir]]'' and there is an inner "stone" (the '''endocarp'''). This hard endocarp (the coconut as sold in the shops of non-tropical countries) has three [[germination]] [[pore]]s that are clearly visible on the outside surface once the husk is removed. It is through one of these that the [[radicle]] emerges when the [[embryo]] germinates. Adhering inside wall of endocarp is the testa with a thick albuminous endosperm, the coconut meat, the white and fleshy edible part of the seed.

When viewed on end, the endocarp and germination pores resemble the face of a [[monkey]], the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word for which is ''macaco'', sometimes abbreviated to ''coco'', whence the name of the fruit. The specific name ''nucifera'' is Latin for ''nut bearing''.

When the coconut is still green, the endosperm inside is thin and tender, a favourite snack. But the main reason to pick the nut at that stage is to drink its juice; a big nut contains up to one litre of refreshing drink. When the nut has ripened and the outer husk has turned brown, a couple of months later, it will fall from the tree of its own accord. At that time the endosperm has thickened and hardened, while the juice has become somewhat bitter. Drinking more than a sip then is a sure recipe for [[diarrhoea]] within 15 minutes.
 
To open a coconut, remove the outer husk (if not purchased already removed) and pierce two of the three ''eyes'' of the fruit (one for the juice to come out of, one to enable air to go in); drain the [[juice]] from the fruit. Since coconuts have a naturally-forming fracture point, they can be opened by taking a heavy knife, such as a meat cleaver, and striking the coconut with the flat edge of the knife. Or you can use a flat-bladed screwdriver and a hammer (which is easier, and may be safer than using a cleaver). After inserting the screwdriver slightly, twist it to crack the shell. The coconut should then be turned, and this process repeated until there is a contiguous crack in the shell around the entire fruit. Afterwards, the fruit can be separated at this fracture point.

When the nut is still green the husk is very hard, but green nuts rarely fall, only when they have been attacked by moulds, etc. By the time the nut naturally falls, the husk has become brown, the coir has become dryer and softer, and the nut is less likely to cause damage when it drops. Still there have been instances of coconuts falling from trees and injuring people, and claims of some fatalities. This was the subject of a paper published in [[1984]] that won the [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in [[2001]]. Falling coconut deaths are often used as a comparison to [[shark]] attacks, making the claim that it is more likely to be killed by a falling coconut than by a shark. There is no evidence of people being killed in this manner ([http://www.straightdope.com/columns/020719.html column from The Straight Dope]). However William Wyatt Gill, an early [[London_Missionary_Society|LMS]] missionary on [[Mangaia]] recorded a story in which Kaiara, the concubine of king Tetui, was killed by a falling, green nut. The offending tree was immediately cut down. This was around 1777, the time of [[captain Cook]]'s visit.

In some parts of the world, trained [[monkey]]s are used to harvest coconuts. Training schools for monkeys still exist in southern [[Thailand]]. Competitions are held each year to discover the fastest harvester.

==Uses==
[[Image:Crackedcoconut.jpg|thumb|A Coconut that has been cracked open, showing the composition of the shell, seed, and the cavity inside]]
[[Image:Coconut8020.jpg|thumb|Harvested coconuts cut open and drying in the sun, Fiji.]]
All parts of the coconut palm are useful, and the trees have a comparatively high yield (up to 75 "nuts" per year); it therefore has significant economic value. The name for the coconut palm in [[Sanskrit]] is ''kalpa vriksha'', which translates as "the tree which provides all the necessities of life". In [[Malay language|Malay]], the coconut is known as ''pokok seribu guna'', "the tree of a thousand uses". In the [[Philippines]], the coconut is commonly given the title "Tree of Life".

Uses of the various parts of the palm include:
*The white, fleshy part of the seed is edible and used fresh or dried (desiccated) in cooking.
*The cavity is filled with "[[coconut water]]" containing sugars, fibre, proteins, anti-oxidants, vitamins and minerals, which provide excellent isotonic electrolyte balance, and an exceptional nutritional food source, which is why it is used as a refreshing drink throughout the humid tropics. It is also used in the making of the gelatinous dessert [[nata de coco]]. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young immature coconuts. Coconut water is sterile until the coconut is opened (unless the coconut is spoiled).
*[[Bud sport|Sport fruit]]s are also harvested, primarily in the Philippines, where they are known as ''macapuno''. 
*[[Coconut milk]] (which is approximately 17% fat) is made by processing grated coconut with hot water or hot milk which extracts the oil and aromatic compounds from the fibre.
*[[Coconut cream]] is what rises to the top when coconut milk is refrigerated and left to set.
*The leftover fibre from coconut milk production is used as livestock feed.
*The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is fermented to produce palm wine, also known as "[[Palm_wine|toddy]]" or, in the Philippines, ''tuba''.
*Apical buds of adult plants are edible and are known as "palm-cabbage" (though harvest of this kills the tree).
*The interior of the growing tip may be harvested as [[heart-of-palm]] and is considered a rare delicacy.  Harvesting this also kills the tree. Hearts of palm are often eaten in salads; such a salad is sometimes called "millionaire's salad".
*The [[coir]] (the fibre from the husk of the coconut) is used in ropes, mats, brushes, caulking boats and as stuffing fibre; it is also used extensively in [[horticulture]] for making potting compost.
*[[Copra]] is the dried meat of the seed which is the source of [[coconut oil]].
*The leaves provide materials for baskets and roofing thatch.
*The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a good source of charcoal.
*Hawaiians hollowed the trunk to form a drum, a container, or even small canoes.
*The [[wood]] can be used for specialized construction (notably in [[Manila]]'s [[Coconut Palace]]).
*The stiff leaflet midribs make cooking skewers, kindling arrows, or bound into bundles, brooms and brushes.
*The [[root]]s are used as a [[dye]], a mouthwash, or a medicine for [[dysentery]]. A frayed-out piece of root makes a poor man's [[toothbrush]].
*Half coconut shells are used in [[theatre]], banged together to create the sound effect of a [[horse]]'s hoofbeats. They were also used in this way in the [[Monty Python]] film [[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]].
*Dried half coconut shells are used to buff floors.
*In [[fairground]]s, a "[[coconut shy]]" is a popular target practice game, and coconuts are commonly given as prizes.
*A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or small bird.
*Coconut water can be used as an intravenous fluid (see PMID 10674546).
*Fresh inner coconut husk can also be rubbed on the lens of snorkling goggles to prevent fogging during use
*Dried half coconut shells are used as the bodies of musical instruments, including the Chinese [[yehu]] and [[banhu]], and the Vietnamese [[đàn gáo]].

==Cultural aspects==
Coconuts are extensively used in [[Hindu]] religious rites. Coconuts are usually offered to the gods, and a coconut is smashed on the ground or on some object as part of an initiation or inauguration of building projects, facility, ship, etc.; this act signifies sacrificing ego, that wealth stems from divinity, and if due credit is not given, bad karma is taken on.

The [[Indonesia]]n tale of [[Hainuwele]] tells the story of the introduction of coconuts to [[Seram]].

The people of state of [[Kerala]], south India, considers it to be the "Land of Coconuts", ''nalikerathinte nattil''.

The word "coconut" is also used as a mild [[derogatory]] slang word referring to a person of [[Latino]] or Indian subcontinent descent who emulates a [[whites|Caucasian]] (brown on the outside, white on the inside).

"Coconut" is Australian slang for a Tongan, or other person of "Polynesian" descent, although usually not Maori.

"Coconut" is also the title of a song by [[Harry Nilsson]].

"Coconut" is also the title of an In Reverie b-side track by [[Saves the day]].-->

<gallery>
Image:1859-Martinique.web.jpg
Image:Cocos nucifera2.jpg
Image:Cocos_nucifera_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg|Gambar tangkal kalapa abad ka-19
Image:Cocos_nucifera_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-188.jpg|Gambar kembang kalapa abad ka-19
</gallery>

== Sumber rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Coconut|Coconut]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (27 Maret 2006)

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons|Cocos nucifera}}
* [http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/ Coconut Research Center]
* [http://www.kokonutpacific.com.au Kokonut Pacific]  Developers of Direct Micro Expelling (DME) technology that enables Islanders to produce pure cold-pressed virgin coconut oil 
* [http://www.mysabah.com/2005_coconut-fest/ Coconut Festival]
* [http://cocos.arecaceae.com/ Coconut Time Line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213015327/http://cocos.arecaceae.com/ |date=2007-12-13 }}
* [http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/coconut_landing.html Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of the coconut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721200936/http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/coconut_landing.html |date=2006-07-21 }}
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cocos_nucifera.html Purdue University crop pages: ''Cocos nucifera'']

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Arecaceae]]
[[Kategori:Bungbuahan]]
[[kategori:tutuwuhan industri]]