Miacis

Miacis; Vremenski raspon: 52.4–47.0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani do srednji eocen
	lobanja vrste Miacis parvivorus
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Kladus:	Carnivoramorpha
Kladus:	Carnivoraformes
Rod:	†Miacis; Cope, 1872
Tipska vrsta
	†Miacis parvivorus; Cope, 1872
Vrste
	†Miacis parvivorus;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi vrste: M. parvivorus: Viverravus parvivorus (Matthew, 1899) ; Vulpavus parvivorus (Cope, 1873) ; ;

Miacis (Mijakis — „mali šiljak”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz kladusa Carnivoraformes, koji je u periodu od ranog do srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Etimologija naziva

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Miacis	starogrčke riječi mion (stgrč. μείων), koja znači manji i starogrčke riječi akis (stgrč. ἀκίς), koja znači šiljak	mali šiljak^[6]

Vrsta:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
M. parvivorous	roda Miacis latinske riječi parvus (lat. parvus), koja znači malen i latinske riječi voro (lat. voro), koja znači gutati ili žderati	mali proždrljivi Mijakis

Opis

Vrsta Miacis parvivorus je u prosjeku dostizala dužinu oko 30 cm i težila je oko 1 kg.^[7] Ova vrsta je u poređenju sa predstavnicima reda zvijeri posjedovala neke primitivne karakteristike, kao što su niska lobanja sa 44 zuba u vilicama (gdje su neki zubi bili kraći od drugi zuba), dugo i vitko tijelo sa dugim repom, i kratkim nogama sa po pet prstiju na svojim stopalima. Zubna formula kod ove vrste je 3.1.4.33.1.4.3.^[8] Oštre kandže kod ove vrste su se mogle uvlačiti. Zglobovi i kosti udova ove vrste su bili savitljivi, snažni i pokretni, i omogućavali su joj da se penje po drveću. Sa svojim dugim repom se služila kao kormilom prilikom skakanja sa grane na granu. Prednji udovi kod ove vrste su bili kraći od zadnji udova, a kukovi su sličili po svojoj građi i obliku na kukove predstavnika porodice psi. Ova vrsta je imala binokularni vid, no on nije bio tako dobar kao kod predstavnika reda zvijeri. Odnos veličine mozga naprema dimenzijama tijela kod vrste Miacis parvivorus je bio veći u poređenju sa predstavnicima redova Hyaenodonta i Oxyaenodonta, no u poređenju sa predstavnicima reda zvijeri je manji.

Ponašanje i paleoekologija

Vrsta Miacis parvivorus je bila okretni, noćni sisar svaštojed prilagođen penjanju po drveću, koji je u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike nastanjivao kišne šume. Ovdje je ova vrsta vrebala i lovila svoj plijen koristeći se svojim osjećajem njuha i sluha. Ova vrsta se najvjerovatnije hranila sa glodarima, malim pticama i gmizavcima, i drugim malim životinjama, ali se takođe hranila i sa jajima i voćem.^[9]

Sistematika

Istorija klasifikacije

Otkako je 1872. godine američki paleontolog Edvard Drinker Koup prvi opisao rod Miacis, ovaj rod je bio korišten kao "kanta za smeće" gdje su različite vrste izumrli sisara bile uvrštavane. Kasnije, te vrste sisara su prepoznate kao zasebne vrste unutar kladusa Carnivoraformes i uvrštene su zasebne rodove,^[10] a neke su čak prepoznate i kao izumrli predstavnici reda Carnivora.^[11] Danas, samo tipska vrsta Miacis parvivorus čini ovaj rod. Sam rod Miacis je u prošlosti bio uvrštavan kao tipski rod izumrle porodice Miacidae, a kasnije je prepoznat kao predstavnik kladusa Carnivoraformes.

Klasifikacija

Rod: †*Miacis* (Cope, 1872)
Vrsta:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†M. parvivorus (Cope, 1872)^[12]	SAD (Vajoming,^[13] Juta^[14]^[15] i Kolorado)	52,40 do 47,0 mil. god.

Filogenija

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Miacis.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

?	†Ravenictis

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

Kladus "B"

	†Eogale

?	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

	†Gracilocyon igniculus

	†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

†Gracilocyon

?

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

	†Gracilocyon rosei

	†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

†Oodectes jepseni

†Oodectes

†Oodectes herpestoides

†Oodectes proximus

†Oodectes pugnax

†Uintacyon hookeri

†Uintacyon rudis

†Uintacyon

	†Uintacyon massetericus

	†Uintacyon vorax

†Uintacyon asodes

†Uintacyon edax

	†Uintacyon acutus

	†Uintacyon jugulans

	†Uintacyon gingerichi

	†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

	†Miocyon

	†Simamphicyon

	†Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983)

	†Messelogale

	†Quercygalidae

Kladus "C"

	†Palaearctonyx

(†Phlaodectes)	†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

	†Vulpavus australis

	†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

†Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

	†Dormaalocyon

	†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

?

†Africtis

?

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

?

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

?

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

?	†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

†Miacis	†Miacis parvivorous

Kladus "D"

	†Lycarion

	†"Miacis" hargeri

?

†Ceruttia

?

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

	†Harpalodon

	†Procynodictis

†Prodaphaenus

?

†Walshius

	†"Miacis" gracilis

	†Tapocyon

	Carnivora (sensu stricto)

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes grupa

†Vulpavus grupa

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenost roda Miacis unutar kladusa Carnivoraformes

Vidi još

Reference

^ J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138
^ E. D. Cope (1873) "On some Eocene mammals, obtained by Hayden's Geological Survey of 1872." Paleontological Bulletin 12:1-6
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals" Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ Tomiya, Susumu (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397 . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146.
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ Juhn, M. S.; Balisi, M. A.; Doughty, E. M.; Friscia, A. R.; Howenstine, A. O.; Jacquemetton, C.; Marcot, J.; Nugen, S.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2024). „Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology”. Paleobiology: 1—10. doi:10.1017/pab.2024.27 .
^ W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ Palmer, D. (1999.) "The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals" Marshall Editions, London ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1
^ Welsey-Hunt, G. D.; Flynn, J. J. (2005). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘Miacoidea’ relative to Carnivora”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3 (1): 1—28. doi:10.1017/S1477201904001518.
^ Tomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016). „Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)”. Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160518. Bibcode:2016RSOS....3p0518T. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5098994 . PMID 27853569. doi:10.1098/rsos.160518.
^ E. D. Cope (1872.) "Third account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene of Wyoming Territory." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:469-472
^ K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
^ M. R. Thorpe (1923) "New species of Uinta Carnivora from White River, Utah." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (9. јануар 2023) American Journal of Science 5(27):218-224
^ Anthony R. Friscia and D. Tab Rassmussen (2010) „Middle Eocene Carnivoramorpha of the Uinta Basin, Utah”. Annals of Carnegie Museum, vol. 79 (1), pp. 51-63
^ Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ур.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. стр. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

Литература

E. D. Cope (1880) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82
W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
M. R. Thorpe (1923.) "Notes on the Bridger (Eocene) Carnivora." Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (9. januar 2023) American Journal of Science 5(25):23-39
C. Stock (1934) "New creodonta from the Sespe upper Eocene, California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 20(7):423-427
W. D. Matthew (1937) "Paleocene faunas of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 30:1-510
L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
C. L. Gazin (1976.) "Mammalian Faunal Zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 26:1-25
Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates. 2725: 1—64.
J. J. Hooker (1986.) "Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39(4):191-478
X. Wang and R. H. Tedford (1994.) "Basicranial anatomy and phylogeny of primitive canids and closely related miacids (Carnivora, Mammalia)." American Museum Novitates 3092
David Polly, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). „Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)”. Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019—1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.
Heinrich, R. E.; Strait, S. G.; Houde, P. (2008). „Earliest Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from northwestern Wyoming”. Journal of Paleontology. 82 (1): 154—162. doi:10.1666/05-118.1.

[1] J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138

[2] E. D. Cope (1873) "On some Eocene mammals, obtained by Hayden's Geological Survey of 1872." Paleontological Bulletin 12:1-6

[McKenna_&_Bell-3] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Gunnell1998-4] G. F. Gunnell (1998) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals" Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[5] Tomiya, Susumu (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397 . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146.

[6] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[7] Juhn, M. S.; Balisi, M. A.; Doughty, E. M.; Friscia, A. R.; Howenstine, A. O.; Jacquemetton, C.; Marcot, J.; Nugen, S.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2024). „Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology”. Paleobiology: 1—10. doi:10.1017/pab.2024.27 .

[8] W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[9] Palmer, D. (1999.) "The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals" Marshall Editions, London ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1

[Wesley-HuntFlynn2005-10] Welsey-Hunt, G. D.; Flynn, J. J. (2005). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘Miacoidea’ relative to Carnivora”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3 (1): 1—28. doi:10.1017/S1477201904001518.

[TomiyaTseng2016-11] Tomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016). „Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)”. Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160518. Bibcode:2016RSOS....3p0518T. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5098994 . PMID 27853569. doi:10.1098/rsos.160518.

[12] E. D. Cope (1872.) "Third account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene of Wyoming Territory." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:469-472

[13] K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122

[14] M. R. Thorpe (1923) "New species of Uinta Carnivora from White River, Utah." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (9. јануар 2023) American Journal of Science 5(27):218-224

[15] Anthony R. Friscia and D. Tab Rassmussen (2010) „Middle Eocene Carnivoramorpha of the Uinta Basin, Utah”. Annals of Carnegie Museum, vol. 79 (1), pp. 51-63

[asdff-16] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ур.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. стр. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.

[SoléSmith2014-17] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.

[SoléSmith2016-18] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.

[Tomiya2021-19] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

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