Ion Antonescu: Difference between revisions

Ion Victor Antonescu
Ion Victor Antonescu
	Ion Antonescu
Prime Minister of Romania
	In office; September 4, 1940 – August 23, 1944
Preceded by	Ion Gigurtu
Succeeded by	Constantin Sănătescu
Conducător of Romania
	In office; September 6, 1940 – August 23, 1944
Preceded by	Carol II (as King of Romania)
Succeeded by	None
Personal details
Born	Ion Victor Antonescu; June 15, 1882; Piteşti, Romania
Died	June 1, 1946 (aged 63); Jilava, Romania
Nationality	Romanian
Political party	None, formally allied with the Iron Guard
Spouse(s)	Raşela Mendel (div.); Maria Antonescu
Profession	Soldier
Military service
Rank	Field Marshal

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Revision as of 18:16, 24 October 2024

Ion Victor Antonescu (15 June 1882 – 1 June 1946) was the fascist Prime Minister of Romania, self-entitled Conducător and allied with Nazi Germany, from 4 September 1940 to 23 August 23 1944. He was tried and executed for his WWII war crimes in 1946.^[1]

Role in the Holocaust

When he was in charge of Romania and southern Ukraine, he actively facilitated^[2] the Holocaust on behalf of Nazi Germany. As many as 400,000 Jewish deaths could be attributed to his orders. Particularly, some considered the Odessa massacre, which killed as many as 100,000 Jews and reduced Odessa's Jews by 98.7%, as the worst massacre of Jews in Romanian-occupied zone.^[3]^[1]

The Holocaust in Romanian-occupied zone only stopped after he was toppled in a coup led by King Michael I of Romania on 23 August 1944.^[4]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1
- International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004.
- Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
- Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15.
- Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.
- Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.
↑
"Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :
- Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
- Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
- Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
- Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
- Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
- Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
- Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.
- Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
- Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
- Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
- Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
↑
- "Murder of the Jews of Romania". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "The Holocaust in Odesa". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report: Romania". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
↑
- "World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides". Radio Liberty. May 6, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "King Michael of Romania, Who Ousted a Hitler Puppet, Dies at 96". The New York Times. December 5, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "King Michael: Romania bids farewell to former monarch". BBC. December 16, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

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[HE2-1] 1.0 ^1.1
International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004.

Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.

Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15.

Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.

Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.

[2] International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004.

[3] Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.

[4] Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15.

[5] Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.

[6] Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.

[2] "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :
Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.

Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.

Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.

Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).

Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.

Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.

Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.

Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.

Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.

Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.

Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.

[8] Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.

[9] Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.

[10] Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.

[11] Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).

[12] Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.

[13] Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.

[14] Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.

[15] Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.

[16] Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.

[17] Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.

[18] Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.

[3] 
"Murder of the Jews of Romania". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

"The Holocaust in Odesa". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

"Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report: Romania". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[20] "Murder of the Jews of Romania". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[21] "The Holocaust in Odesa". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[22] "Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report: Romania". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[4] 
"World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides". Radio Liberty. May 6, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

"King Michael of Romania, Who Ousted a Hitler Puppet, Dies at 96". The New York Times. December 5, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

"King Michael: Romania bids farewell to former monarch". BBC. December 16, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[24] "World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides". Radio Liberty. May 6, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[25] "King Michael of Romania, Who Ousted a Hitler Puppet, Dies at 96". The New York Times. December 5, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[26] "King Michael: Romania bids farewell to former monarch". BBC. December 16, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

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@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 ==Role in the Holocaust==
+When he was in charge of Romania and southern Ukraine, he [[Antisemitism|actively facilitated]]<ref>{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''':
-When he was in charge of Romania and southern Ukraine, he actively facilitated [[The Holocaust|the Holocaust]] on behalf of [[Nazi Germany]]. As many as 400,000 Jewish deaths could be attributed to his orders. Particularly, some considered the [[Odessa massacre (1941)|Odessa massacre]], which killed as many as 100,000 Jews and reduced Odessa's Jews by 98.7%, as the worst massacre of Jews in Romanian-occupied zone.<ref>
+* Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]].
+* Making [[Antisemitic trope|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a [[Antisemitic trope#World domination|world Jewish conspiracy]] or of [[Antisemitic trope#Controlling the media|Jews controlling the media]], [[Antisemitic trope#Economic tropes|economy]], government or other societal institutions.
+* Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]].
+* [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[The Holocaust|the Holocaust]]).
+* Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or [[Antisemitic trope#Fabricating or exaggerating the Holocaust|exaggerating]] the Holocaust.
+* [[Antisemitic trope#Dual loyalty|Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide]], than to the interests of their own nations.
+* '''Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.'''
+* Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation.
+* Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., [[Antisemitic trope#Guilt for the death of Jesus|claims of Jews killing Jesus]] or [[Antisemitic trope#Blood libel|blood libel]]) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
+* '''Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]].'''
+* Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].</ref> [[The Holocaust|the Holocaust]] on behalf of [[Nazi Germany]]. As many as 400,000 Jewish deaths could be attributed to his orders. Particularly, some considered the [[Odessa massacre (1941)|Odessa massacre]], which killed as many as 100,000 Jews and reduced Odessa's Jews by 98.7%, as the worst massacre of Jews in Romanian-occupied zone.<ref>
 * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/final-solution-beginning/romania.html |title=Murder of the Jews of Romania |access-date=October 22, 2024}}
 * {{cite web|website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/odessa|title=The Holocaust in Odesa|access-date=October 22, 2024}}

Revision as of 18:16, 24 October 2024

Role in the Holocaust

See also

References