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== Energy involved ==
== Energy involved ==
What happened is called [[air burst]] today. At the time, the energy involved was estimated to be between 10 and 30 megatons of [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]], depending on the height in which the air burst happened. Simulations that have been done with modern computers have found that the energy involved was probably between 3 and 5 megatons of TNT. Taking 15 megatons, this would mean that the energy involved was 1.000 times that of the [[atomic bomb]] dropped on [[Hiroshima]], in 1945. The shock wave is considered to be that of an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 on the [[Richter scale]].<ref name="Traynor2">{{cite journal|last=Traynor|first=Chris|year=1997|title=The Tunguska Event|url=https://britastro.org/journal/journal-of-the-british-astronomical-association-vol-107-iss-3|journal=[[Journal of the British Astronomical Association]]|volume=107|issue=3|pages=111–130|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The explosion registered at [[Seismology|seismic stations]] across Eurasia, and air waves from the blast were detected in Germany, Denmark, Croatia, and the United Kingdom &#x2013; and as far away as [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies]], and Washington, D.C.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Whipple|first1=F. J. W.|date=10 September 2007|title=On Phenomena related to the great Siberian meteor|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|volume=60|issue=257|pages=505–522|bibcode=1934QJRMS..60..505W|doi=10.1002/qj.49706025709}}</ref> For a few days after the event, night skies in Asia and Europe were aglow.<ref name="Watson">{{cite journal|last1=Watson|first1=Nigel|date=July 2008|title=The Tunguska Event|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/tunguska-event|journal=History Today|volume=58|issue=1|page=7}}</ref> There are reports of brightly lit photographs being successfully taken at midnight (without the aid of flashbulbs) in Sweden and Scotland.<ref name=":0" /> One explanation of this glow is that light passed through ice particles at a high altitude, that had formed at low temperatures during the explosion. Decades later, [[Space Shuttle|Space Shuttles]] reported similar findings.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Space Shuttle Science Shows How 1908 Tunguska Explosion Was Caused By A Comet |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090624152941.htm |work=ScienceDaily |publisher=Cornell University |date=25 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=M. C.|last2=Seyler|first2=C. E.|last3=Larsen|first3=M. F.|year=2009|title=Two-dimensional Turbulence, Space Shuttle Plume Transport in the Thermosphere, and a Possible Relation to the Great Siberian Impact Event|journal=Geophys. Res. Lett.|volume=36|issue=14|pages=L14103|bibcode=2009GeoRL..3614103K|doi=10.1029/2009GL038362|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the United States, a Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory program at the [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] in California observed a months-long decrease in [[Atmosphere|atmospheric]] transparency consistent with an increase in suspended dust particles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turco|first1=R.P.|last2=Toon|first2=O.B.|last3=Park|first3=C.|last4=Whitten|first4=R.C.|last5=Pollack|first5=J.B.|last6=Noerdlinger|first6=P.|date=April 1982|title=An analysis of the physical, chemical, optical, and historical impacts of the 1908 Tunguska meteor fall|journal=Icarus|volume=50|issue=1|pages=1–52|bibcode=1982Icar...50....1T|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(82)90096-3}}</ref>
What happened is called [[air burst]] today. At the time, the energy involved was estimated to be between 10 and 30 megatons of [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]], depending on the height in which the air burst happened. Simulations that have been done with modern computers have found that the energy involved was probably between 3 and 5 megatons of TNT. Taking 15 megatons, this would mean that the energy involved was 1.000 times that of the [[atomic bomb]] dropped on [[Hiroshima]], in 1945. The shock wave is considered to be that of an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 on the [[Richter scale]]. For these reasons, the Tunguska event is considered the largest [[impact event]] on Earth in recorded history.

For these reasons, the Tunguska event is considered the largest [[impact event]] on Earth in recorded history.


== Expeditions to the area ==
== Expeditions to the area ==

Revision as of 14:30, 3 December 2023

Tunguska event
Location of the event in Siberia (modern map)
EventExplosion in forest area (10–15 Mtons TNT)
Time30 June 1908
PlacePodkamennaya Tunguska River in Siberia, Russian Empire
EffectsFlattening 2,150 km2 (830 sq mi) of forest
DamageMostly material damages to trees
CauseProbable air burst of small asteroid or comet
Coordinates60°55′N 101°57′E / 60.917°N 101.950°E / 60.917; 101.950
Tunguska event.

Tunguska event is the name for a very large mid-air explosion that occurred on 30 June 1908 in Siberia. Most eyewitnesses talk about one or more explosions that happened around 7:15 a.m. local time. The cause of these explosions is unknown, but a meteorite impact has been suggested as a likely cause. About 30 kilometres (19 mi) around the place where the event happened, trees were uprooted. In Wanwara, a small settlement, about 65 km (40 mi) away, windows and doors were smashed. It is estimated, that in an area of about 2,150 km2 (830 sq mi), the trees were uprooted. Over 500 km (311 mi) away, bright light was seen, and an earthquake was felt.

There are no reports of people who have died. This is attributed to the fact that almost no people lived in the area, at the time. Depending on the source, there were one or two casualties.[1][2]

Today, it is believed that the event happened about 7 to 15 km (4.3 to 9.3 mi) above ground, at 0:14 UTC (7:14 a.m. local time).

Energy involved

What happened is called air burst today. At the time, the energy involved was estimated to be between 10 and 30 megatons of TNT, depending on the height in which the air burst happened. Simulations that have been done with modern computers have found that the energy involved was probably between 3 and 5 megatons of TNT. Taking 15 megatons, this would mean that the energy involved was 1.000 times that of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, in 1945. The shock wave is considered to be that of an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 on the Richter scale.[3] The explosion registered at seismic stations across Eurasia, and air waves from the blast were detected in Germany, Denmark, Croatia, and the United Kingdom – and as far away as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, and Washington, D.C.[4] For a few days after the event, night skies in Asia and Europe were aglow.[5] There are reports of brightly lit photographs being successfully taken at midnight (without the aid of flashbulbs) in Sweden and Scotland.[4] One explanation of this glow is that light passed through ice particles at a high altitude, that had formed at low temperatures during the explosion. Decades later, Space Shuttles reported similar findings.[6][7] In the United States, a Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory program at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California observed a months-long decrease in atmospheric transparency consistent with an increase in suspended dust particles.[8]

For these reasons, the Tunguska event is considered the largest impact event on Earth in recorded history.

Expeditions to the area

Russian postage stamp, of 1958, issued 50 years after the event, in honor of Kulik.

At first, there was no interest in the event. Over a decade after the event, Leonid Kulik, a Russian mineralogist led an expedition to the area. In his expedition of 1921 and 1922, he only got to Kansk, which is 600 km (373 mi) away from the "epicenter" of the event. In 1927, Kulik reached the region where the event happened, in 1938 he ordered aerial photos be taken.

Kulik's expedition is the first recorded expedition to the area. Since then, there were many expeditions; over 1,000 articles have been published on the event; most of them are in Russian language.

There were two other expeditions to the area: one in 1958, the other in 1963.

Theories

Today, there is no definite explanation for what caused the explosions, or for what happened. There are different theories, though.

Meteorite explosion

A meteorite hit the area. The most probable is an asteroid or comet of low density, and a diameter of between 30 metres (98 ft) and 80 metres (260 ft). The object exploded in a height of 7 to 14 km above ground; for this reason there is no impact crater. The problem with this theory is that meteorites of this type usually do not reach low levels of the atmosphere. Meteoroids, which contain more iron have a higher chance of reaching low levels of the atmosphere, but they do not cause such devastating explosions.

Lake Cheko

Lake Cheko is a small freshwater lake, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the center of the event. The lake does not show on maps of the area which are older than about 1928. Before 1908, it seems to be unknown. The lake is shaped roughly like a rectangle; it is 708 metres long, 364 m wide, and about 50 m deep. In 1999, Luca Gasperini did a study on the sediments in the lake, and found that the lake predates the event of 1908.[9] In 2007, National Geographic cites him as he states that it is possible the lake formed as an impact crater.[10]This is argued upon due to the spread of trees, that were destroyed from the mostly agreed upon meteorite explosion.

Geophysical theories: Volcanic eruption

The other theory is that the event has a geophysical cause: About 10 million tons of natural gas exploding would have the effect that was observed. The problem with this theory is that eyewitnesses spoke of a very bright light that could be seen from very far away. A natural gas explosion does not produce a bright light.

References

  1. ↑ Ian Ridpath: "Tunguska: the final answer". Published in: New Scientist. 11 August 1977, Vol. 75, No. 1064, page 346.
  2. ↑ C. Gritzner: "Human Casualties in Impact Events". Published in: WGN, Journal of the International Meteor Organization. October 1997, Vol. 25:5, pp 222-226.
  3. ↑ Traynor, Chris (1997). "The Tunguska Event". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 107 (3): 111–130.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Whipple, F. J. W. (10 September 2007). "On Phenomena related to the great Siberian meteor". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 60 (257): 505–522. Bibcode:1934QJRMS..60..505W. doi:10.1002/qj.49706025709.
  5. ↑ Watson, Nigel (July 2008). "The Tunguska Event". History Today. 58 (1): 7.
  6. ↑ "Space Shuttle Science Shows How 1908 Tunguska Explosion Was Caused By A Comet". ScienceDaily (Press release). Cornell University. 25 June 2009.
  7. ↑ Kelley, M. C.; Seyler, C. E.; Larsen, M. F. (2009). "Two-dimensional Turbulence, Space Shuttle Plume Transport in the Thermosphere, and a Possible Relation to the Great Siberian Impact Event". Geophys. Res. Lett. 36 (14): L14103. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..3614103K. doi:10.1029/2009GL038362.
  8. ↑ Turco, R.P.; Toon, O.B.; Park, C.; Whitten, R.C.; Pollack, J.B.; Noerdlinger, P. (April 1982). "An analysis of the physical, chemical, optical, and historical impacts of the 1908 Tunguska meteor fall". Icarus. 50 (1): 1–52. Bibcode:1982Icar...50....1T. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90096-3.
  9. ↑ Geophysical/sedimentological study of a lake close to the epicenter of the great 1908 Siberian (Tunguska) Explosion, NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2001 : « Although the morphology of the lake is compatible with an impact origin, several sedimentological and biological proxies indicate that its formation pre-dates the 1908 event. »
  10. ↑ Maria Cristina Valsecchi (7 November 2007). "Crater from 1908 Russian Space Impact Found, Team Says". National Geographic.
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