Jump to content

"සිම්බාබ්වේ හි ජනවිකාසය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්
නව සංස්කරණ →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
'=== ජනගහනය === Expanding from a population of 2,746,396 in 1950, Zimbabwe's population has rapidly increased. Based on {{UN_Population|source}}, the population of Zimbabwe was estimated by the United Nations at {{UN_Population|Zimbabwe}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}. === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === File:Tonga_wall_baskets_producer_from_Zimbabwe.JPG|link=ht...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි
(වෙනසක් නොමැත)

13:51, 9 මැයි 2024 තෙක් සංශෝධනය

ජනගහනය

Expanding from a population of 2,746,396 in 1950, Zimbabwe's population has rapidly increased. Based on the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[1][2], the population of Zimbabwe was estimated by the United Nations at 15,993,524 in 2021.

ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්

Tonga Woman
ටොංගා කාන්තාවක් කූඩයක් සාදයි.

According to the 2012 census report, 99.7% of the population is of African origin.[3] The majority people, the Shona, comprise 82%, while Ndebele make up 14% of the population.[4] The Ndebele descended from Zulu migrations in the 19th century and the other tribes with which they intermarried. Up to one million Ndebele may have left the country over the last five years,[කවදාද?] mainly for South Africa. Other ethnic groups include Venda, Tonga, Tsonga, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau, Nambya, Tswana, Xhosa and Lozi.

Minority ethnic groups include white Zimbabweans, who make up less than 1% of the total population. White Zimbabweans are mostly of British origin, but there are also Afrikaner, Greek, Portuguese, French and Dutch communities. The white population dropped from a peak of around 278,000, or 4.3% of the population, in 1975.[5] The 2012 census lists the total white population at 28,782 (roughly 0.22% of the population), one-twentieth of its peak.[6] Most emigration has been to the United Kingdom (between 200,000 and 500,000 Britons are of Rhodesian or Zimbabwean origin), South Africa, Botswana, Zambia,[7] Mozambique,[8] Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Coloureds form 0.5% of the population, and various Asian ethnic groups, mostly of Indian and Chinese origin, are also 0.5%.[9]

විශාලතම නගර

 
Zimbabwe හි විශාලතම නගර
Source:[10]
ස්ථානය Province ජනගහණය
Harare
Harare
Bulawayo
Bulawayo 		1 Harare Harare 2,123,132 Chitungwiza
Chitungwiza
Mutare
Mutare
2 Bulawayo Bulawayo 1,200,337
3 Chitungwiza Harare 371,244
4 Mutare Manicaland 224,802
5 Gweru Midlands 158,200
6 Kwekwe Midlands 119,863
7 Kadoma Mashonaland West 116,300
8 Ruwa Mashonaland East 94,083
9 Chinhoyi Mashonaland West 90,800
10 Masvingo Masvingo 90,286

භාෂා

Zimbabwe has 16 official languages and under the constitution, an Act of Parliament may prescribe other languages as officially recognised languages. English is the main language used in the education and judicial systems. The Bantu languages Shona and Ndebele are the principal indigenous languages of Zimbabwe. Shona is spoken by 78% of the population, Ndebele by 20%. Other minority Bantu languages include Venda, Tsonga, Shangaan, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau and Nambya. Less than 2.5%, mainly the white and "coloured" (mixed race) minorities, consider English their native language.[11] Shona has a rich oral tradition, which was incorporated into the first Shona novel, Feso by Solomon Mutswairo, published in 1956.[12] English is primarily spoken in the cities but less so in rural areas. Radio and television news are broadcast in Shona, Sindebele and English.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

There is a large community of Portuguese speakers in Zimbabwe, mainly in the border areas with Mozambique and in major cities.[13] Beginning in 2017, teaching Portuguese was included in secondary education of Zimbabwe.[14][15]

ආගම්

හරාරේ හි කතෝලික පල්ලියක්

According to the 2017 Inter Censal Demography Survey by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, 84% of Zimbabweans are Christian, 10% do not belong to any religion, and 0.7% are Muslim.[16][17] An estimated 62% of the population attend religious services regularly.[18] Approximately 69% of Zimbabweans belong to Protestant Christianity, while 8% are Roman Catholic. Pentecostal-charismatic forms of Christianity, in particular, have grown rapidly in recent years and are playing a prominent role in public, social and political life.[19] The largest Christian churches are Anglican, Roman Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist[20] and Methodist.

As in other African countries, Christianity may be mixed with enduring traditional beliefs. Indigenous religion, which predates colonialism, has become relatively marginal but continues to be an important part of the Zimbabwean religious field.[21][22] Ancestral worship is the most practised non-Christian religion, involving spiritual intercession; central to many ceremonial proceedings is the mbira dzavadzimu, meaning "voice of the ancestors", which is an instrument related to many lamellophones ubiquitous throughout Africa.

සෞඛ්‍ය

තෝරාගත් දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු රටවල ආයු අපේක්ෂාව, 1950-2019. HIV/AIDS නිසා ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අඩු වී ඇත.
සාමයේ මව ඒඩ්ස් ළමා නිවාසය, මුටෝකෝ (2005)

At independence, the policies of racial inequality were reflected in the disease patterns of the black majority. The first five years after independence saw rapid gains in areas such as immunisation coverage, access to health care, and contraceptive prevalence rate.[23] Zimbabwe was thus considered internationally to have achieved a good record of health development.[24]

Zimbabwe suffered occasional outbreaks of acute diseases. The gains on the national health were eroded by structural adjustment in the 1990s,[25] the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic[26] and the economic crisis since 2000. In 2006, Zimbabwe had one of the lowest life expectancies in the world according to UN figure—44 for men and 43 for women, down from 60 in 1990, but recovered to 60 in 2015.[27][28] The rapid drop was ascribed mainly to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Infant mortality rose from 6% in the late 1990s to 12.3% by 2004.[26] Official fertility rates over the last decade were 3.6 (2002),[29] 3.8 (2006)[30] and 3.8 (2012).[3] The 2014 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zimbabwe was 614[31] compared to 960 in 2010–11[31] and 232 in 1990. The under five mortality rate, per 1,000 births was 75 in 2014 (94 in 2009).[31] The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was unavailable in 2016 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 42.[32]

In 2006 an association of doctors in Zimbabwe made calls for Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service.[33] The HIV infection rate in Zimbabwe was estimated to be 14% for people aged 15–49 in 2009.[34] UNESCO reported a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women from 26% in 2002 to 21% in 2004.[35] By 2016 HIV/AIDS prevalence had been reduced to 13.5%[27] compared to 40% in 1998.[31]

At the end of November 2008, some operations at three of Zimbabwe's four major referral hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working.[36] Those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines.[37] The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge.[38]

මූලාශ්‍ර කිහිපයකින් එකතු කර සිම්බාබ්වේ සහ ඒ අවට කොලරාව පැතිරීම පෙන්වන සිතියම

In August 2008 large areas of Zimbabwe were struck by the ongoing cholera epidemic. By December 2008 more than 10,000 people had been infected in all but one of Zimbabwe's provinces, and the outbreak had spread to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia.[39][40] On 4 December 2008 the Zimbabwe government declared the outbreak to be a national emergency and asked for international aid.[41][42] By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began, and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018.[43] In Harare, the city council offered free graves to cholera victims.[44]

අධ්‍යාපනය

හරාරේ ශාන්ත ජෝර්ජ් විද්‍යාලය 1896 දී ප්‍රංශ ජේසු නිකායිකයෙකු විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී.

Large investments in education since independence has resulted in the highest adult literacy rate in Africa which in 2013 was 90.70%.[45] This is lower than the 92% recorded in 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme[46][47] and the 97.0% recorded in the 2002 census, while still substantially higher than 80.4% recorded in the 1992 census.[48]

The wealthier portion of the population usually send their children to independent schools as opposed to the government-run schools which are attended by the majority as these are subsidised by the government. School education was made free in 1980, but since 1988, the government has steadily increased the charges attached to school enrolment until they now greatly exceed the real value of fees in 1980. The Ministry of Education of Zimbabwe maintains and operates the government schools, but the fees charged by independent schools are regulated by the cabinet of Zimbabwe. The education department has stated that 20,000 teachers have left Zimbabwe since 2007 and that half of Zimbabwe's children have not progressed beyond primary school.[49] Education came under threat since the economic changes in 2000, with teachers going on strike because of low pay, students unable to concentrate because of hunger, and the price of uniforms soaring making this standard a luxury. Teachers were also one of the main targets of Mugabe's attacks because he thought they were not strong supporters.[50]

Zimbabwe's education system consists of two years of pre-school, seven years of primary and six years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad. The academic year in Zimbabwe runs from January to December, with three terms, separated by one-month breaks, with a total of 40 weeks of school per year. National examinations are written during the third term in November, with "O" level and "A" level subjects also offered in June.[51]

There are seven public (government) universities as well as four church-related universities in Zimbabwe that are internationally accredited.[51] The University of Zimbabwe, the first and largest, was built in 1952 and is located in the Harare suburb of Mount Pleasant. Notable alumni from Zimbabwean universities include Welshman Ncube, Peter Moyo, Tendai Biti, Chenjerai Hove and Arthur Mutambara. Many of the politicians in the government of Zimbabwe have obtained degrees from universities in the United States or other universities abroad.

National University of Science and Technology is the second largest public research university in Zimbabwe located in Bulawayo. It was established in 1991. The National University of Science and Technology strives to become a flourishing and reputable institution not only in Zimbabwe and in Southern Africa but also among the international fraternity of universities. Africa University is a United Methodist university in Manicaland which attracts students from at least 36 African countries.

ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ සමානාත්මතාවය

Women in Zimbabwe are disadvantaged in many facets including economic, political, and social spheres, and experience sex and gender based violence.[52] A 2014 UN report found that deep rooted cultural issues, patriarchal attitudes, and religious practices negatively impacted women's rights and freedoms in the country.[52] These negative views toward women as well as societal norms impact the incentive for women to participate in the economy and hinder their economic production.[52] Zimbabwe's constitution has provisions in it that provide incentive to achieve greater gender equality, but the data shows that enforcement has been lax and adoption slow.[52] In December 2016 the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies conducted a case study to determine how to best implement effective policy to address issues such as gender violence and implementation of equality laws.[53] It was found that sex and gender based violence against women and girls was increasing in areas that had experienced disasters (floods, drought, disease) but could not quantify the extent of the increase.[53] Some of the obstacles in combating these issues are that there are economic barriers to declaring sex and gender based violence to be unacceptable as well as social barriers.[53] Additionally, governmental services which were installed to help educate the populace about these issues as well as provide services to victims are underfunded and unable to carry out their duties.[53] The UN also provided economic incentive to adopt policies which would discourage these practices which negatively impacted women in Zimbabwe.[54]

Women are often seen as inferior, treated as objects, and viewed in subordinate roles in history and philosophy.[55] Ubuntu, an African philosophy's spiritual aspect, instills the belief that boys should be more valued than girls as boys pass on lineage, and the belief system places high value in respecting one's ancestors.[55] A common expression used in court, "vakadzi ngavanyarare", translates to "women should keep quiet," and as a result women are not consulted in decision-making; they must implement the men's wishes.[55] The subordination of women in Zimbabwe, and the cultural forces which dictate what they must be, have led to deaths and the sacrifice of professional advancement in order for them to fulfill their roles as wives, mothers, and subordinates.[56][55] Women are taught that they must never refuse their husband's sexual advances, even if they know they are infected with HIV from being unfaithful.[55] As a result of this practice, Zimbabwean women aged 15–49 have an HIV prevalence rate of 16.1% and make up 62% of the total population infected with HIV in that age group.[57]

යොමු කිරීම්

  1. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. සම්ප්‍රවේශය July 17, 2022.
  2. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. සම්ප්‍රවේශය July 17, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Census 2012 National Report" (PDF). ZIMSTAT. 1 September 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 4 May 2016.
  4. ^ "Ethnicity and Race by Countries". Infoplease. 21 May 2020.
  5. ^ Wiley, David and Isaacman, Allen F. (1981). Southern Africa: society, economy, and liberation. Michigan State University, University of Minnesota. p. 55
  6. ^ Quarterly Digest Of Statistics, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office, 1999.
  7. ^ "Business Zimbabwe's land reform: Zambia's gain, a cautionary tale for South Africa?". Deutsche Welle. 16 January 2019.
  8. ^ "Zimbabwe's white farmers start anew in Mozambique". Al-Jazeera. 28 October 2015.
  9. ^ Quarterly Digest of Statistics, 1998, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office.
  10. ^ "Zimbabwe Cities by Population 2022".
  11. ^ "Zimbabwe" (PDF). 25 March 2009 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 1 June 2016., gapadventures.com; accessed 4 May 2016.
  12. ^ Williams, Angela A. (April 1998). "Mother Tongue: Interviews with Musaemura B. Zimunya and Solomon Mutswairo". The Journal of African Travel-Writing (4): 36–44. 26 March 2018 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  13. ^ Martins, Margarida (12 March 2019). "Português em África" [Portuguese in Africa]. Diário de Notícias (පෘතුගීසි බසින්). Portugal.
  14. ^ "Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário no Zimbabué". SAPO 24 (පෘතුගීසි බසින්). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2020-07-21.
  15. ^ "Zimbabwe: Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário do país - África - Angola Press - ANGOP". www.angop.ao (යුරෝපීය පෘතුගීසි බසින්). 6 August 2020 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2020-07-21.
  16. ^ "Table: Religious Composition by Country" (PDF). pewforum.org. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. 2012. 10 March 2016 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  17. ^ "Zimbabwe – International Religious Freedom Report 2005". U.S. Department of State. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 December 2007. An estimated 1% of the total population is Muslim.
  18. ^ "MSN Encarta". MSN Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575825_3/Zimbabwe.html. ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපනය 13 November 2007. 
  19. ^ Chitando, Ezra (2021). Innovation and Competition in Zimbabwean Pentecostalism. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-3501-7601-0.
  20. ^ "Zimbabwe". 24 July 2011 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 22 January 2008.
  21. ^ Shoko, Tabona (2007). Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-754-65881-8.
  22. ^ Moyo, Method (2020). Traditional Religion and Its Impact on the Practices of Apostolic and Zionist Churches in Zimbabwe. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-346-21835-3.
  23. ^ Davies, R. and Sanders, D. (1998). "Adjustment policies and the welfare of children: Zimbabwe, 1980–1985". In: Cornia, G.A., Jolly, R. and Stewart, F. (eds.) Adjustment with a human face, Vol. II: country case studies. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 272–99; ISBN 0198286112.
  24. ^ Dugbatey, K. (1999). "National health policies: sub-Saharan African case studies (1980–1990)". Soc. Sci. Med. 49 (2): 223–239. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00110-0. PMID 10414831.
  25. ^ Marquette, C.M. (1997). "Current poverty, structural adjustment, and drought in Zimbabwe". World Development. 25 (7): 1141–1149. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00019-3.
  26. ^ a b Madslien, Jorn (14 April 2008). "No quick fix for Zimbabwe's economy". BBC. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 19 December 2008.
  27. ^ a b "Zimbabwe in 10 numbers". BBC News (බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 18 November 2017. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 November 2017.
  28. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division". සම්ප්‍රවේශය 7 December 2008.
  29. ^ "Zimbabwe Profile based on the 2002 Population Census" (PDF). ZIMSTAT. 2 April 2015 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  30. ^ "Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005–06" (PDF). ZIMSTAT. 2 April 2015 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 4 May 2016.
  31. ^ a b c d "Zimbabwe Overview". The World Bank. World Bank Group. 4 October 2016. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 8 January 2017.
  32. ^ "The State of the World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 1 June 2016.
  33. ^ Thornycroft, Peta (10 April 2006). "In Zimbabwe, life ends before 40". The Sydney Morning Herald. Harare. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 10 April 2006.
  34. ^ "Zimbabwe". UNAIDS. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 16 January 2011.
  35. ^ "HIV Prevalence Rates Fall in Zimbabwe". UNESCO. 30 March 2008 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 December 2007.
  36. ^ Hungwe, Brian (7 November 2008). "The death throes of Harare's hospitals". BBC. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 December 2008.
  37. ^ "Zimbabwe: coping with the cholera outbreak". 26 November 2008. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 December 2008.
  38. ^ "Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500". BBC. 2 December 2008. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 December 2008.
  39. ^ "PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action". BBC News. 6 December 2008. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 6 June 2012.
  40. ^ "Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe", The Times, 5 December 2008.
  41. ^ "Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera". Reuters. 4 December 2008. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 4 December 2008.
  42. ^ "Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency". Agence France-Presse. 4 December 2008. 27 September 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 4 December 2008.
  43. ^ On the cholera frontline. IRIN. 9 March 2009
  44. ^ "Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain". Reuters. 30 November 2008. 6 December 2008 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 December 2008.
  45. ^ "Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate: Zimbabwe No. 1". The African Economist.
  46. ^ "Zimbabwe: Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all". irinnews.org. Epworth, Zimbabwe: OCHA. 23 July 2010. 11 May 2011 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  47. ^ Nyathi, Kitsepile (14 July 2010). "Zimbabwe: Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race". AllAfrica.com.
  48. ^ Poverty Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2011/12 Report (Report). Zimstat. 2013. 27 September 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  49. ^ Nkepile Mabuse (28 September 2009). "Zimbabwe schools begin fightback". CNN. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 28 September 2009.
  50. ^ "BBC report on 40 years in Zimbabwe's schools". BBC News. 19 April 2007. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 November 2007.
  51. ^ a b "Zimbabwe US Embassy". 18 November 2007 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 15 November 2007.
  52. ^ a b c d "Gender Equality | UN in Zimbabwe". www.zw.one.un.org (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 14 August 2018 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 October 2018.
  53. ^ a b c d "Effective law and policy on gender equality and protection from sexual and gender-based violence in disasters – Zimbabwe". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (ඇමෙරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 5 December 2018 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2018.
  54. ^ "7. Women's Empowerment, Gender Equality and Equity | UN in Zimbabwe". www.zw.one.un.org (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 5 December 2018 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2018.
  55. ^ a b c d e Manyonganise, Molly (2015). "Oppressive and liberative: A Zimbabwean woman's reflections on ubuntu". Verbum et Ecclesia. 36 (2): 1–7. doi:10.4102/VE.V36I2.1438. ISSN 2074-7705.
  56. ^ Chabaya, O.; Rembe, S.; Wadesango, N. (1 January 2009). "The persistence of gender inequality in Zimbabwe: factors that impede the advancement of women into leadership positions in primary schools". South African Journal of Education (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 29 (2): 235–251. doi:10.15700/saje.v29n2a259. ISSN 2076-3433.
  57. ^ "Zimbabwe". www.unaids.org (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 4 December 2018.
"https://si.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=සිම්බාබ්වේ_හි_ජනවිකාසය&oldid=665349" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි