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"ලිබියාවේ දේශපාලනය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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' == Politics == {{Main|Politics of Libya}} The politics of Libya has been in a tumultuous state since the start of the Arab Spring and the NATO intervention related Libyan Crisis in 2011; the crisis resulted in the collapse of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the killing of :en:Muammar_Gaddafi|M...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි
(වෙනසක් නොමැත)

04:57, 20 ජනවාරි 2024 තෙක් සංශෝධනය

Politics

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Politics of Libya

The politics of Libya has been in a tumultuous state since the start of the Arab Spring and the NATO intervention related Libyan Crisis in 2011; the crisis resulted in the collapse of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the killing of Muammar Gaddafi, amidst the First Civil War and the foreign military intervention.[1][2][3]

The crisis was deepened by the factional violence in the aftermath of the First Civil War, resulting in the outbreak of the Second Civil War in 2014.[4] The control over the country is currently split between the House of Representatives (HoR) in Tobruk and the Government of National Unity (GNU) in Tripoli and their respective supporters, as well as various jihadist groups and tribal elements controlling parts of the country.[5][6]

The former legislature was the General National Congress, which had 200 seats.[7] The General National Congress (2014), a largely unrecognised rival parliament based in the de jure capital of Tripoli, claims to be a legal continuation of the GNC.[8][9]

On 7 July 2012, Libyans voted in parliamentary elections, the first free elections in almost 40 years.[10] Around thirty women were elected to become members of parliament.[10] Early results of the vote showed the National Forces Alliance, led by former interim Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril, as front runner.[11] The Justice and Construction Party, affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood, has done less well than similar parties in Egypt and Tunisia.[12] It won 17 out of 80 seats that were contested by parties, but about 60 independents have since joined its caucus.[12]

As of January 2013, there was mounting public pressure on the National Congress to set up a drafting body to create a new constitution. Congress had not yet decided whether the members of the body would be elected or appointed.[13]

On 30 March 2014, the General National Congress voted to replace itself with a new House of Representatives. The new legislature allocates 30 seats for women, will have 200 seats overall (with individuals able to run as members of political parties) and allows Libyans of foreign nationalities to run for office.[14]

Following the 2012 elections, Freedom House improved Libya's rating from Not Free to Partly Free, and now considers the country to be an electoral democracy.[15]

Gaddafi merged civil and sharia courts in 1973. Civil courts now employ sharia judges who sit in regular courts of appeal and specialise in sharia appellate cases.[16] Laws regarding personal status are derived from Islamic law.[17]

At a meeting of the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs on 2 December 2014, UN Special Representative Bernardino León described Libya as a non-state.[18]

An agreement to form a national unity government was signed on 17 December 2015.[19] Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member Presidency Council and a seventeen-member interim Government of National Accord would be formed, with a view to holding new elections within two years.[19] The House of Representatives would continue to exist as a legislature and an advisory body, to be known as the State Council, will be formed with members nominated by the General National Congress (2014).[20]

The formation of an interim unity government was announced on 5 February 2021, after its members were elected by the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF).[21] Seventy four members of the LPDF cast ballots for four-member slates which would fill positions including the Prime Minister and the head of the Presidential Council.[21] After no slates reached a 60% vote threshold, the two leading teams competed in a run-off election.[21] Mohamed al-Menfi, a former ambassador to Greece, became head of the Presidential Council.[22] Meanwhile, the LPDF confirmed that Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, a businessman, would be the transitional Prime Minister.[22] All of the candidates who ran in this election, including the members of the winning slate, promised to appoint women to 30% of all senior government positions.[22] The politicians elected to lead the interim government initially agreed not to stand in the national elections scheduled for 24 December 2021.[22] However, Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh announced his candidature for president despite the ban in November 2021.[23] The Appeals Court in Tripoli rejected appeals for his disqualification, and allowed Dbeibeh back on the candidates' list, along with a number of other disqualified candidates, originally scheduled for December 24.[24] Even more controversially, the court also reinstated Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, a son of the former dictator, as a presidential candidate.[25][26] On 22 December 2021, Libya's Election Commission called for the postponement of the election until 24 January 2022.[27] Earlier, a parliamentary commission said it would be "impossible" to hold the election on 24 December 2021.[28] The UN called on Libya's interim leaders to "expeditiously address all legal and political obstacles to hold elections, including finalising the list of presidential candidates".[28] However, at the last minute, the election was postponed indefinitely and the international community agreed to continue its support and recognition of the interim government headed by Mr Dbeibeh.[29][30]

According to new election rules, a new prime minister has 21 days to form a cabinet that must be endorsed by the various governing bodies within Libya.[22] After this cabinet is agreed upon, the unity government will replace all "parallel authorities" within Libya, including the Government of National Accord in Tripoli and the administration led by General Haftar.[22]

Foreign relations

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Foreign relations of Libya
UK Foreign Secretary William Hague with Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, November 2013
Libyan National Security Advisor Mutassim Gaddafi and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, April 2009

Libya's foreign policies have fluctuated since 1951. As a Kingdom, Libya maintained a definitively pro-Western stance, and was recognized as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the League of Arab States (the present-day Arab League), of which it became a member in 1953.[31] The government was also friendly towards Western countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, France, Italy, Greece, and established full diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1955.[32]

Although the government supported Arab causes, including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements, it took little active part in the Arab-Israeli dispute or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the 1950s and early 1960s. The Kingdom was noted for its close association with the West, while it steered a conservative course at home.[33]

Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken meets with Libyan interim Prime Minister Abdulhamid Dabaiba, in Berlin, Germany on June 24, 2021. [State Department photo by Ron Przysucha/ Public Domain

After the 1969 coup, Muammar Gaddafi closed American and British bases and partly nationalized foreign oil and commercial interests in Libya.

Gaddafi was known for backing a number of leaders viewed as anathema to Westernization and political liberalism, including Ugandan President Idi Amin,[34] Central African Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa,[35][36] Ethiopian strongman Haile Mariam Mengistu,[36] Liberian President Charles Taylor,[37] and Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević.[38]

Relations with the West were strained by a series of incidents for most of Gaddafi's rule,[39][40][41] including the killing of London policewoman Yvonne Fletcher, the bombing of a West Berlin nightclub frequented by U.S. servicemen, and the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, which led to UN sanctions in the 1990s, though by the late 2000s, the United States and other Western powers had normalised relations with Libya.[42]

Gaddafi's decision to abandon the pursuit of weapons of mass destruction after the Iraq War saw Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein overthrown and put on trial led to Libya being hailed as a success for Western soft power initiatives in the War on Terror.[43][44][45] In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the trans-Saharan slave trade.[46]

Libya is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Libyan authorities rejected European Union's plans aimed at stopping migration from Libya.[47][48] In 2017, Libya signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[49]

Military

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Libyan Armed Forces

Libya's previous national army was defeated in the Libyan Civil War and disbanded. The Tobruk based House of Representatives who claim to be the legitimate government of Libya have attempted to reestablish a military known as the Libyan National Army. Led by Khalifa Haftar, they control much of eastern Libya.[50] In May 2012, an estimated 35,000 personnel had joined its ranks.[51] The internationally recognised Government of National Accord established in 2015 has its own army that replaced the LNA, but it consists largely of undisciplined and disorganised militia groups.

As of November 2012, it was deemed to be still in the embryonic stage of development.[52] President Mohammed el-Megarif promised that empowering the army and police force is the government's biggest priority.[53] President el-Megarif also ordered that all of the country's militias must come under government authority or disband.[54]

Militias have so far refused to be integrated into a central security force.[55] Many of these militias are disciplined, but the most powerful of them answer only to the executive councils of various Libyan cities.[55] These militias make up the so-called Libyan Shield, a parallel national force, which operates at the request, rather than at the order, of the defence ministry.[55]

Administrative divisions

ප්‍රධාන ලිපියන්: Subdivisions of Libya, Districts of Libya, සහ Baladiyat of Libya
Districts of Libya since 2007

Historically, the area of Libya was considered three provinces (or states), Tripolitania in the northwest, Barka (Cyrenaica) in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest. It was the conquest by Italy in the Italo-Turkish War that united them in a single political unit.

Since 2007, Libya has been divided into 22 districts (Shabiyat):

  1. Nuqat al Khams
  2. Zawiya
  3. Jafara
  4. Tripoli
  5. Murqub
  6. Misrata
  7. Sirte
  8. Benghazi
  9. Marj
  10. Jabal al Akhdar
  11. Derna
  12. Tobruk
  13. Nalut
  14. Jabal al Gharbi
  15. Wadi al Shatii
  16. Jufra
  17. Al Wahat
  18. Ghat
  19. Wadi al Hayaa
  20. Sabha
  21. Murzuq
  22. Kufra

In 2022, 18 provinces were declared by the Libyan Government of National Unity (|Libyan Observer): the eastern coast, Jabal Al-Akhdar, Al-Hizam, Benghazi, Al-Wahat, Al-Kufra, Al-Khaleej, Al-Margab, Tripoli, Al-Jafara, Al-Zawiya, West Coast, Gheryan, Zintan, Nalut, Sabha, Al-Wadi, and Murzuq Basin.

Human rights

මේවාත් බලන්න: Human rights in Libya

According to Human Rights Watch annual report 2016, journalists are still being targeted by the armed groups in Libya. The organization added that Libya ranked very low in the 2015 Press Freedom Index, 154th out of 180 countries.[56] For the 2021 Press Freedom Index its score dropped to 165th out of 180 countries.[57] Homosexuality is illegal in Libya.[58]

යොමු කිරීම්

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