Pharmaceutical companies continue to advocate for the use of in vitro models towards the
reduction of animal use in drug discovery and development while acknowledging that further …

Gene expression profiling is a useful tool to predict and interrogate mechanisms of toxicity.
RNA-Seq technology has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional microarray …

The kidney is the target of numerous xenobiotic toxicants, including environmental chemicals.
Anatomical, physiological, and biochemical features of the kidney make it particularly …

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a promising therapeutic modality for oncology
indications. The concept of an ADC platform is to increase the therapeutic index (TI) of …

… Terry R. Van Vleet received a Bachelor’s degree in zoology from Weber State University
and a doctorate in toxicology from Utah State University. His postdoctoral training was at the …

Calpains, Ca 2+ -activated cysteine proteases, are cytosolic enzymes implicated in
numerous cellular functions and pathologies. We identified a mitochondrial Ca 2+ -inducible …

The liver is critical to consider during drug development because of its central role in the
handling of xenobiotics, a process which often leads to localized and/or downstream tissue …

Safety related drug failures continue to be a challenge for pharmaceutical companies despite
the numerous complex and lengthy in vitro assays and in vivo studies that make up the …

Most small molecule drugs interact with unintended, often unknown, biological targets and
these off-target interactions may lead to both preclinical and clinical toxic events. Undesired off…

Acyl glucuronides are important metabolites of compounds with carboxylic acid moieties and
have unique properties that distinguish them from other phase 2 metabolites. In particular, …