The sustainable, undirected, and selective catalytic hydroxylation of arenes remains an
ongoing research challenge because of the relative inertness of aryl carbon-hydrogen bonds, …

We consider off-policy evaluation (OPE) in continuous treatment settings, such as personalized
dose-finding. In OPE, one aims to estimate the mean outcome under a new treatment …

This paper explores the causal reasoning of large language models (LLMs) to enhance their
interpretability and reliability in advancing artificial intelligence. Despite the proficiency of …

The causal revolution has stimulated interest in understanding complex relationships in
various fields. Most of the existing methods aim to discover causal relationships among all …

To make effective decisions, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the causal
relationships among actions, environments, and outcomes. This review aims to surface three …

Personalized medicine, a paradigm of medicine tailored to a patient's characteristics, is an
increasingly attractive field in health care. An important goal of personalized medicine is to …

Estimating treatment effects from observational data is of central interest across numerous
application domains. Individual treatment effect offers the most granular measure of treatment …

With recent advances in natural language processing, rationalization becomes an essential
self-explaining diagram to disentangle the black box by selecting a subset of input texts to …

Although cytochrome P450 enzymes are powerful catalysts for hydrogen-atom abstraction
from alkanes by iron-oxo species, the process typically leads to oxygenated products due to …

An individualized decision rule (IDR) is a decision function that assigns each individual a
given treatment based on his/her observed characteristics. Most of the existing works in the …