Automatic sequences and zip-specifications
C Grabmayer, J Endrullis, D Hendriks… - 2012 27th Annual …, 2012 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
2012 27th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, 2012•ieeexplore.ieee.org
We consider infinite sequences of symbols, also known as streams, and the decidability
question for equality of streams defined in a restricted format.(Some formats lead to
undecidable equivalence problems.) This restricted format consists of prefixing a symbol at
the head of a stream, of the stream functionzip', and recursion variables. Herezip'interleaves
the elements of two streams alternatingly. The celebrated Thue-Morse sequence is obtained
by the succinctzip-specification'M= 0: XX= 1: zip (X, Y) Y= 0: zip (Y, X) The main results are …
question for equality of streams defined in a restricted format.(Some formats lead to
undecidable equivalence problems.) This restricted format consists of prefixing a symbol at
the head of a stream, of the stream functionzip', and recursion variables. Herezip'interleaves
the elements of two streams alternatingly. The celebrated Thue-Morse sequence is obtained
by the succinctzip-specification'M= 0: XX= 1: zip (X, Y) Y= 0: zip (Y, X) The main results are …
We consider infinite sequences of symbols, also known as streams, and the decidability question for equality of streams defined in a restricted format. (Some formats lead to undecidable equivalence problems.) This restricted format consists of prefixing a symbol at the head of a stream, of the stream function `zip', and recursion variables. Here `zip' interleaves the elements of two streams alternatingly. The celebrated Thue- Morse sequence is obtained by the succinct `zip-specification' M = 0 : X X = 1 : zip(X, Y) Y = 0 : zip(Y, X) The main results are as follows. We establish decidability of equivalence of zip-specifications, by employing bisimilarity of observation graphs based on a suitably chosen cobasis. Furthermore, our analysis, based on term rewriting and coalgebraic techniques, reveals an intimate connection between zip-specifications and automatic sequences. This leads to a new and simple characterization of automatic sequences. The study of zip-specifications is placed in a wider perspective by employing observation graphs in a dynamic logic setting, yielding yet another alternative characterization of automatic sequences. By the first characterization result, zip-specifications can be perceived as a term rewriting syntax for automatic sequences. For streams σ the following are equivalent: (a) σ can be specified using zip; (b) σ is 2-automatic; and (c) σ has a finite observation graph using the cobasis (hd, even, odd). Here even and odd are defined by even(a : s) = a : odd(s), and odd(a : s) = even(s). The generalization to zip-k specifications (with zip-k interleaving k streams) and to k-automaticity is straightforward. As a natural extension of the class of automatic sequences, we also consider `zip-mix' specifications that use zips of different arities in one specification. The corresponding notion of automaton employs a state-dependent input-alphabet, with a number representation (n)A = d m ... d 0 where the base of digit di is determined by the automaton A on input d i-1 ... d 0 . Finally we show that equivalence is undecidable for a simple extension of the zip-mix format with projections analogous to even and odd.
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