BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

Many attempts have been made to localize the physical trace of a memory, or engram, in the
brain. However, until recently, engrams have remained largely elusive. In this Review, we …

There has been nearly a century of interest in the idea that encoding and storage of
information in the brain requires changes in the efficacy of synaptic connections between …

Memory retrieval is not a passive phenomenon. Instead, it triggers a number of processes
that either reinforce or alter stored information. Retrieval is thought to activate a second …

Competition between neurons is necessary for refining neural circuits during development
and may be important for selecting the neurons that participate in encoding memories in the …

Memories are thought to be encoded by sparsely distributed groups of neurons. However,
identifying the precise neurons supporting a given memory (the memory trace) has been a …

Throughout life, new neurons are continuously added to the dentate gyrus. As this
continuous addition remodels hippocampal circuits, computational models predict that …

The cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors is
thought to be critical in memory formation. To define the role of CREB in distinct memory …

At least two temporally and mechanistically distinct forms of memory are conserved across
many species: short-term memory that persists minutes to hours after training and long-term …

Memories are thought to be sparsely encoded in neuronal networks, but little is known about
why a given neuron is recruited or allocated to a particular memory trace. Previous research …