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Introduction To Java Through Game Development: Learn Java Programming Skills by Working With Video Games 1st Edition Victor G. Brusca

Документ представляет собой информацию о книге 'Introduction to Java Through Game Development' авторства Виктора Г. Бруски, которая обучает программированию на Java через разработку видеоигр. В нем также содержится ссылка на скачивание книги и рекомендации по другим учебным материалам по Java. Книга охватывает основные и продвинутые темы программирования на Java, а также аспекты разработки игр.

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Introduction To Java Through Game Development: Learn Java Programming Skills by Working With Video Games 1st Edition Victor G. Brusca

Документ представляет собой информацию о книге 'Introduction to Java Through Game Development' авторства Виктора Г. Бруски, которая обучает программированию на Java через разработку видеоигр. В нем также содержится ссылка на скачивание книги и рекомендации по другим учебным материалам по Java. Книга охватывает основные и продвинутые темы программирования на Java, а также аспекты разработки игр.

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Introduction to
Java Through Game
Development
Learn Java Programming Skills by
Working with Video Games

Victor G. Brusca
Introduction to Java
Through Game
Development
Learn Java Programming Skills by
Working with Video Games

Victor G. Brusca
Introduction to Java Through Game Development: Learn Java Programming Skills
by Working with Video Games
Victor G. Brusca
Edison, NJ, USA

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-8950-1 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-8951-8


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8951-8

Copyright © 2023 by Victor G. Brusca


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Table of Contents
About the Author����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi

Introduction����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii

Chapter 1: Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
About This Text������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1
Notes on Formatting��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
Notes on Conventions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
Objectives������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
Java Fundamental Topics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
Java Advanced Topics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
Game Development Topics������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8
Setting Up Your Environment�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Getting the Game Projects Setup������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 13
Checking Out the Games������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20
Conclusion���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
What We Covered������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 27

Chapter 2: What Is Java Programming������������������������������������������������������������������� 29


Computers and Programming����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29
Programming Computers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 30
Programming Languages������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 30
Types of Programs/Programming������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 32
The Java Programming Language���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33
The JRE��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34
The JDK��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35

v
Table of Contents

Syntax and Semantics���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35


Basic Syntax Rules���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
Keywords/Reserved Words���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 37
Game Programming�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38
The Main Game Loop������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
Program Structure����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Overview of Included Games������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Conclusion���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
What We Covered������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 42

Chapter 3: Variables����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
Data Types����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
Basic Data Types������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44
Using Basic Data Types��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46
Challenge: Basic Data Types�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49
Challenge Solution����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51
Advanced Data Types������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 52
The var Keyword and Dynamic Typing����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52
Arrays������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 54
Using Arrays�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56
Challenge: Arrays������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63
Challenge Solution����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65
Lists��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66
Using Lists����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69
Challenge: ArrayLists������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72
Challenge Solution����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
Conclusion���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
What We Covered������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 74

vi
Table of Contents

Chapter 4: Expressions and Operators, Flow Control, and More on Variables�������� 75


Expressions and Operators��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76
Numeric Expressions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 80
Boolean Expressions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 82
Assignment Expressions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 83
Increment/Decrement Expressions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 84
Bitwise Expressions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Bit-Shift Expressions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86
Operators and Operator Precedence������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 87
Flow Control�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 88
If-Else Statements����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 89
Switch Statements���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91
Try-Catch Statements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 93
Challenge: Flow Control��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 95
Challenge Solution����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 96
More on Variables����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 98
Enumerations������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 98
Very Basic Java Classes������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 100
Casting and Conversion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 101
Challenge: Enumerations����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 106
Challenge: Solution�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107
Conclusion�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 109
What We Covered���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 109

Chapter 5: More Data Structures�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 111


Multidimensional Arrays����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 112
Declaring Multidimensional Arrays�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 112
Using Multidimensional Arrays�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113
Hashes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 116
Declaring Hashtables���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117
Using Hashtables����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 119

vii
Table of Contents

Stacks��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 122
Declaring Stacks����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 123
Using Stacks������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 124
Queues�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 128
Parameterized Types and Data Structures�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 130
Challenge: Stacks��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 131
Challenge Solution�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 132
Conclusion�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 134
What We Covered���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 134

Chapter 6: Looping and Iteration�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 135


For Loops���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 136
Basic For Loop��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 136
For-Each Loop���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 140
While Loops������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 142
Basic While Loop����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 142
Main Game Loop������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 144
Do-While Loops������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 151
Basic Do-While Loop����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 151
Break and Continue������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 152
Challenge: For-Each Loops�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 153
Challenge Solution�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 153
Conclusion�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 154
What We Covered���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 155

Chapter 7: Objects, Classes, and OOP������������������������������������������������������������������� 157


Classes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 158
Fields����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 160
Methods������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 163
Static Members������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
Constructors������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 172
Challenge: The MmgBmp Class������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 174

viii
Table of Contents

Challenge Solution�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 176


Challenge: The ScreenGame Class�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 177
Challenge Solution�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 178
Advanced Class Topics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 178
Access��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 178
Class Design������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 179
Static Main Entry Point�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179
Challenge: Dungeon Trap’s Static Main������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 181
Challenge Solution�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 183
Conclusion�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 185
What We Covered���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 186

Chapter 8: Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism���������������������������������� 189


Encapsulation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 190
Inheritance�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 191
Challenge: Inheritance��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 193
Challenge Solution��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 194
Polymorphism��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 195
Challenge: Polymorphism���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 202
Challenge Solution��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 204
Importing Class Libraries���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 205
Video Game Project Structure��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 207
Challenge: Create a New Game Project������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Challenge Solution��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210
Conclusion�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221
What We Covered���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 222

ix
Table of Contents

Chapter 9: Debugging Techniques������������������������������������������������������������������������ 223


Output Trace������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 223
IDE Debugging Features������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 224
Exceptions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 228
Handling Exceptions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 228
Defining Exceptions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 231
The Stack Trace������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 233
Conclusion�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 234
What We Covered���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 234

Chapter 10: Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 237


Accomplishments��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 237
Acknowledgments�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 240
Where You Go from Here����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 242
Saying Goodbye������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 242

Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 243

x
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About the Author
Victor Brusca is an experienced software developer specializing in building cross-­
platform applications and APIs. He regards himself as a self-starter with a keen eye for
detail, an obsessive protection of systems/data, and a desire to write well-documented,
well-encapsulated code. With over 14 years' software development experience, he has
been involved in game and game engine projects on J2ME, T-Mobile SideKick, WebOS,
Windows Phone, Xbox 360, Android, iOS, and web platforms.

xi
Introduction
In this book, “Learning Java Through Game Development,” you will learn the
fundamentals of the Java programming language through a detailed review of the
language’s features, including data structures and OOP, reenforced by coding challenges
throughout the text. Get started today by downloading the book’s projects and source
code here: http://github.com/apress/introduction-to-java-through-gamedev/
Using the associated game projects along with topic specific coding challenges you
will gain experience and knowledge working with the Java programming language, the
NetBeans IDE, a 2D game engine, and three different 2D games! This introductory text
will give you a solid foundation of experience in Java and video game programming for
you to build on.

xiii
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
In this book, Introduction to Java Through Game Development, you will learn the
fundamentals of the Java programming language through hands-on game development
tasks. Through the completion of topic-specific coding challenges, focused on a
particular aspect of one of the three games included with the text, you will gain
experience and knowledge working with the Java programming language, the NetBeans
IDE, a 2D game engine, and three different 2D games. And without further ado, allow me
to provide some details about this book starting with information on the structure and
conventions used in this text.

About This Text


This text will guide you through the basics, and some advanced topics, of the Java
programming language. As we proceed through the different topics involved, you will
be challenged to alter, fix, write, and/or debug a copy of one of the three games included
with the text:

• Pong Clone
• Memory Match

• Dungeon Trap

Each game is written in a proprietary 2D game engine included with the text. The
engine is open source and can be accessed here if you want to take a look at the code
involved:
github.com/apress/intro-java-through-game-dev
The source code associated with this game project can be found in the same repo.

1
© Victor G. Brusca 2023
V. G. Brusca, Introduction to Java Through Game Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8951-8_1
Chapter 1 Introduction

Each project includes a fully functioning version of the game with full source code as
well as coding challenges. As you progress through this text, you will be given challenges that
apply certain Java programming language knowledge to the game project at hand. There will
be specific copies of the game project preconfigured for the current chapter’s challenge.
Generally speaking, this text will not require you to be connected to the Internet for
prolonged periods of time outside of downloading a copy of this text and its associated
code and programs. You will need only a small amount of computing resources to run
the associated software and games. You should have a computer with resources at least
equal to the following minimum requirements:

• Dual core CPU

• 4GB of system RAM

• 2GB of storage space

Any relatively modern computer should be able to handle the workload without
a sweat. When working with any modern programming language, a decision must be
made as to how to code in that language. Oftentimes, you can just use Notepad and a few
command-line tools to write and build programs. In our case, however, we would like to
use more advanced tools, so we’ll require the use of an IDE.
An IDE is an Integrated Development Environment and is a fairly complex program
whose job it is to make some of the tasks of the software developer easier so they can
take on larger projects and focus on the coding at hand. Games are complex programs
that often have a lot of moving parts, literally. As such, we stand to benefit greatly by
using an IDE, so we chose the NetBeans IDE for our purposes.
Each example game in this text is written for a simple Java 2D game engine. The
experience gained from working through the coding challenges in this text will go a long
way to giving the reader a solid foundation to create some of their own 2D games in Java
using the included game engine.

Notes on Formatting
Throughout the text there are some consistent formatting patterns I would like to
discuss. First off, each chapter follows a similar, general structure, listed as follows:

• Chapter Introduction

• Topic #1

2
Chapter 1 Introduction

• Topic #2

• Challenge Description

• Challenge Solution

• Chapter Conclusion

The “Topic” and “Challenge” sections are repeated as necessary to touch upon all
the chapter’s topics and will sometimes vary slightly in their construction. In general,
though, each chapter will have a structure close to that outlined previously. In addition
to the text, each chapter will have a namespace entry in the associated game project for
each challenge in that chapter.
There will be more on this to come. For now, the main takeaway is that each
challenge will have a little sandbox copy of the game for you to work with and a
completed example to look at. The structure of the code challenges themselves is present
in the chapter outline, but in any case, let’s discuss them a little bit before we move on.

• Challenge Description

• Challenge Solution

The general structure of the coding challenges presented in the text is listed
previously. The challenge will be presented with a detailed description and a clue,
if any is provided. Of course, there will be variations in the sections and section
titles. The challenges themselves are designed to apply the knowledge learned in the
current programming language topic. Challenges can vary but will always be a small
development task using the Java programming language topic at hand.
Following every challenge section will be an explanation of the correct way to solve
the challenge including screenshots or other resources to demonstrate the proper
functionality. We’ll also indicate clearly where to look for the completed challenge’s
code, so you don’t have to worry about not understanding how a problem was solved.
That sums up the general structure of the chapters and challenge sections of the
text. The overall cadence of the text starts with the fundamental aspects of the Java
programming language and works toward more advanced topics and language features.

3
Chapter 1 Introduction

Notes on Conventions
There are a few conventions in the text we should also discuss before getting further into
the text. First off, we have lists of items:

• Item 1

• Item 2

• Item 3
In most cases, these will be simply shown in-line with the text and not be adorned
with any special header or caption text. In rare cases where the list has some kind of
special significance, it may appear with its own header and caption similar to the way
code and images are shown. Code snippets in the text will be presented with a header
and caption in the following format:

Listing 1-1. Code Listing Example – SomeClass.java

1 int test = 0;

Caption for the example code listing from the SomeClass.java file.
Information about what code the snippet is showing can be found in the header text
and/or the caption text or the context associated with the code snippet. Line numbers
in code snippets are relative to the starting line of the code and are not absolute. The
starting line of code is determined by the context of the text, what example the text is
currently working with, and always starts at line 1 unless the code is split across multiple
listings. Images are presented in a similar fashion, as shown subsequently.

4
Chapter 1 Introduction

Image 1-1. Screenshot – Dungeon Trap Main Menu

A screenshot of the Dungeon Trap game’s main menu.


Lastly, there will be places in the text where a tip or aside is listed. There are two
types of side notes in the text: notes about game development and notes about the Java
programming language. These entries are formatted as follows:
**Game Development Note: A note about Java game development or game engine use.

**Java Programming Note: A detailed note about Java programming.

This listing type will be used to present extended or advanced information on a topic
as it’s associated with game development or the Java programming language.

5
Chapter 1 Introduction

Objectives
There are a few objectives that this book hopes to accomplish. The first is a complete review
and demonstration of the Java programming language’s base features. The second is an
introduction to select advanced features of the Java programming language. Lastly, this text is
designed to give you experience working directly with game code using the NetBeans IDE and
a set of included video game projects. Let’s take a look at these objectives in little more detail.

Java Fundamental Topics


The fundamental Java programming language topics covered in this text are listed as
follows with a brief description:

• Overview: Programming Computers: A brief overview of


programming computers

• The Java Programming Language: A brief history of the Java


programming language

• Overview – Game Programming: A brief overview of game


programming

• Basic Data Types: Basic data types in Java

• Advanced Data Types: Advanced, custom data types in Java

• Enumerations: Enumeration data types in Java

• Using Variables: Working with variables

• Numeric Expressions: Working with numeric expressions

• Boolean Expressions: Working with Boolean expressions


• If, Else, Else-If Statements: Flow control, if-else statements

• Switch Statements: Flow control, Switch statements

• Using Arrays: Working with arrays in Java

• Basic For Loop: Working with for loops

• While Loops: Working with while loops

• Importing Classes/Libraries: Working with Java classes and libraries

6
Chapter 1 Introduction

This text will provide you with a solid foundation of experience working with
fundamental aspects of the Java programming language. In the next section, we’ll look at
the advanced Java programming topics that are addressed in this text.

Java Advanced Topics


This text does address some of the more advanced Java programming topics without
getting too deep into very advanced programming. You may find these topics a little
bit more challenging as they are inherently more complex. We’ll provide you with solid
information and challenges to help you grasp the material. The advanced topics that are
addressed in this text are as follows:

• Custom Data Types: Working with classes and enumerations

• Try-Catch Statements: Using try-catch statements to control flow

• Data Structures Lists: Simple example of using List data structures

• Data Structures Dictionaries: Simple example of using Dictionary


data structures

• Generic vs. Specialized Data Structures: Brief introduction to generic


and specialized data structures

• For-Each Loop: Using for-each loops

• Overview – Object Oriented Programming: Brief introduction to OOP


design and implementation

• Classes: Brief introduction to classes

• Fields: Using class fields

• Methods: Using class methods

• Constructors: Using class constructors

• Static Members: Working with static class members

• Class Access: Talking points on class member access


• Class Design: Talking points on class design and implementation

• Encapsulation: Examples of encapsulation in a Java game project

7
Chapter 1 Introduction

• Polymorphism: Examples of using polymorphism in a Java


game project

• Inheritance: Brief review of inheritance

• Project Structure: Brief review of project structure

• Debugging: Using debugging to trace program errors and issues.

Java programming advanced topics can often lead to a tremendous amount of


material to review and discuss. That is outside the scope of this text, so we’ll keep our
topic discussions and challenges associated with advanced programming topics brief so
that we can cover as many topics and material as possible.

Game Development Topics


Due to the introductory nature of this text, we won’t cover game development topics
directly, but because each challenge in the text is focused on applying the Java
programming language knowledge that you learn to an actual video game, you will gain
some knowledge and exposure to the following game development topics:

• Project Structure: Experience working with three different games and


their classes, project structure.

• Game Resources: Experience working with game resources.

• Game Engines: A full game engine is included with the text and is
used by all the example games.

• Main Game Loop: Experience working with and understanding the


importance of the main game loop.

That brings us to the conclusion of this section. We’ve quickly outlined the different
topics that we’ll cover in the text both directly via topics and challenges, and indirectly by
working with parts of a larger more complex project. In the next section, we’ll set up your
development environment and get the latest copy of the book’s code.

8
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Other documents randomly have
different content
when you hear that I am in Paris, send a message to me and I will
inform you in truth whom you should believe, and what I shall know
by the counsel of my Righteous and Sovereign Lord, the King of all
the World, and of what you should do to the extent of my power. I
commend you to God. May God have you in His keeping! Written at
Compiègne, August 22nd.”
Then the Enquiry proceeded thus:
“Is this really the reply that you made?”
“I deem that I might have made this answer in part, but not all.”
“Did you say that you might know, by the counsel of the King of
Kings, what the Count should hold on this subject?”
“I know nothing about it.”
“Had you any doubt about whom the Count should obey?”
“I did not know how to inform him on this question, as to whom he
should obey, because the Count himself asked to know whom God
wished him to obey. But for myself, I hold and believe that we should
obey our Lord the Pope who is in Rome. I told the messenger of the
Count some things which are not in this copy; and, if the messenger
had not gone off immediately, he would have been thrown into the
water—not by me, however. As to the Count’s enquiry, desiring to
know whom God wished him to obey, I answered that I did not
know; but I sent him messages on several things which have not been
put in writing. As for me, I believe in our Lord the Pope who is at
Rome.”
“Why did you write that you would give an answer elsewhere if you
believed in the Pope who is at Rome?”
“That answer had reference to other things than the matter of the
sovereign Pontiffs.”
“Did you say that on the matter of the three sovereign Pontiffs you
would have counsel?”
“I never wrote nor gave command to write on the matter of the three
sovereign Pontiffs.” And this answer she supported by oath.
“Are you in the habit of putting the Names ‘Jhesus Maria,’ with a
cross, at the top of your letters?”
“On some I put it, on others not; sometimes I put a cross as a sign for
those of my party to whom I wrote so that they should not do as the
letters said.”
Here a letter was read from Jeanne to our Lord the King, to the Duke
of Bedford, and others, of the following tenour:—

“Jhesus Maria.

“King of England; and you, Duke of Bedford, who call yourself


Regent of the Kingdom of France; you, William de la Pole, Earl of
Suffolk; John, Lord Talbot; and you, Thomas, Lord Scales, who call
yourselves Lieutenants to the said Duke of Bedford: give satisfaction
to the King of Heaven: give up to the Maid, who is sent hither by
God, the King of Heaven, the keys of all the good towns in France
which you have taken and broken into. She is come here by the order
of God to reclaim the Blood Royal. She is quite ready to make peace,
if you are willing to give her satisfaction, by giving and paying back to
France what you have taken. And as for you, archers, companions-in-
arms, gentlemen and others who are before the town of Orleans,
return to your own countries, by God’s order; and if this be not done,
then hear the message of the Maid, who will shortly come upon you,
to your very great hurt. King of England, I am a Chieftain of war and,
if this be not done, wheresoever I find your followers in France, I will
make them leave, willingly or unwillingly; if they will not obey, I will
have them put to death. I am sent here by God, the King of Heaven,
body for body, to drive them all out of the whole of France. And if
they will obey, I will have mercy on them. And do not think in
yourselves that you will get possession of the realm of France from
God the King of Heaven, Son of the Blessed Mary; for King Charles
will gain it, the true heir: for God, the King of Heaven, so wills it, and
it is revealed to him [the King] by the Maid, and he will enter Paris
with a good company. If you will not believe the message of God and
of the Maid and act aright, in whatsoever place we find you we will
enter therein and make so great a disturbance that for a thousand
years none in France will be so great. And believe surely that the
King of Heaven will send greater power to the Maid, to her and her
good men-at-arms, than you can bring to the attack; and, when it
comes to blows, we shall see who has the better right from the God of
Heaven. You, Duke of Bedford, the Maid prays and enjoins you, that
you do not come to grievous hurt. If you will give her satisfactory
pledges, you may yet join with her, so that the French may do the
fairest deed that has ever yet been done for Christendom. And
answer, if you wish to make peace in the City of Orleans; if this be
not done, you may be shortly reminded of it, to your very great hurt.
Written this Tuesday in Holy Week, March 22nd, 1428.”
“Do you know this letter?”
“Yes, excepting three words. In place of ‘give up to the Maid,’ it
should be ‘give up to the King.’ The words ‘Chieftain of war’ and
‘body for body’ were not in the letter I sent. None of the Lords ever
dictated these letters to me; it was I myself alone who dictated them
before sending them. Nevertheless, I always shewed them to some of
my party. Before seven years are passed, the English will lose a
greater wager than they have already done at Orleans; they will lose
everything in France.[43] The English will have in France a greater
loss than they have ever had, and that by a great victory which God
will send to the French.”
“How do you know this?”
“I know it well by revelation, which has been made to me, and that
this will happen within seven years; and I am sore vexed that it is
deferred so long. I know it by revelation, as clearly as I know that you
are before me at this moment.”
“When will this happen?”
“I know neither the day nor the hour.”
“In what year will it happen?”
“You will not have any more. Nevertheless, I heartily wish it might be
before Saint John’s Day.”
“Did you not say that this would happen before Martinmas, in
winter?”
“I said that before Martinmas many things would be seen, and that
the English might perhaps be overthrown.”[44]
“What did you say to John Gris, your keeper, on the subject of the
Feast of Saint Martin?”
“I have told you.”
“Through whom did you know that this would happen?”
“Through Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret.”
“Was Saint Gabriel with Saint Michael when he came to you?”
“I do not remember.”
“Since last Tuesday, have you had any converse with Saint Catherine
and Saint Margaret?”
“Yes, but I do not know at what time.”
“What day?”
“Yesterday and to-day; there is never a day that I do not hear them.”
“Do you always see them in the same dress?”
“I see them always under the same form, and their heads are richly
crowned. I do not speak of the rest of their clothing: I know nothing
of their dresses.”
“How do you know whether the object that appears to you is male or
female?”
“I know well enough. I recognize them by their voices, as they
revealed themselves to me; I know nothing but by the revelation and
order of God.”
“What part of their heads do you see?”
“The face.”
“These saints who shew themselves to you, have they any hair?”
“It is well to know they have.”
“Is there anything between their crowns and their hair?”
“No.”
“Is their hair long and hanging down?”
“I know nothing about it. I do not know if they have arms or other
members. They speak very well and in very good language; I hear
them very well.”
“How do they speak if they have no members?”
“I refer me to God. The voice is beautiful, sweet, and low; it speaks in
the French tongue.”
“Does not Saint Margaret speak English?”
“Why should she speak English, when she is not on the English
side?”
“On these crowned heads, were there rings?—in the ears or
elsewhere?”
“I know nothing about it.”
“Have you any rings yourself?”
[Addressing herself to Us, the Bishop:] “You have one of mine; give it
back to me. The Burgundians have another of them. I pray you, if you
have my ring, shew it to me.”
“Who gave you the ring which the Burgundians [now] have?”
“My father or my mother. I think the Names ‘Jhesus Maria’ are
engraved on it. I do not know who had them written there; there is
not, I should say, any stone in the ring; it was given to me at
Domremy. It was my brother who gave me the other—the one you
have.” [Continuing to address herself to Us, the Bishop:] “I charge
you to give it to the Church. I never cured any one with any of my
rings.”
“Did Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret speak to you under the tree
of which mention has been made?”
“I know nothing of it.”
“Did they speak to you at the spring, which is near the tree?”
“Yes, I have heard them there; but what they said then, I do not
know.”
“What did they promise you, there or elsewhere?”
“They have never promised me anything, except by God’s leave.”
“But still, what promises have they made to you?”
“That is not in your Case: not at all. Upon other subjects, they told
me that my King would be reestablished in his Kingdom, whether his
enemies willed it or no; they told me also that they would lead me to
Paradise: I begged it of them, indeed.”
“Did you have any other promise from them?”
“There was another, but I will not tell it; that does not touch on the
Case. In three months I will tell you the other promise.”
“Have your Voices said that before three months you will be
delivered from prison?”
“That is not in your Case. Nevertheless I do not know when I shall be
delivered. But those who wish to send me out of the world may well
go before me.”
“Has not your counsel told you that you will be delivered from your
actual prison?”
“Speak to me in three months, and I will answer. Moreover, ask of
those present, upon oath, if this touches on the Trial.”
We, the said Bishop, did then take the opinion of those present: and
all considered that this did touch on the Trial.
“I have already told you, you shall not know all. One day I must be
delivered. But I wish to have leave to tell you the day: it is for this I
ask delay.”
“Have your Voices forbidden you to speak the truth?”
“Do you want me to tell you what concerns the King of France? There
are a number of things that do not touch on the Case. I know well
that my King will regain the Kingdom of France. I know it as well as I
know that you are before me, seated in judgment. I should die if this
revelation did not comfort me every day.”
“What have you done with your mandrake?”[45]
“I never have had one. But I have heard that there is one near our
home, though I have never seen it. I have heard it is a dangerous and
evil thing to keep. I do not know for what it is [used].”
“Where is this mandrake of which you have heard?”
“I have heard that it is in the earth, near the tree of which I spoke
before; but I do not know the place. Above this mandrake, there was,
it is said, a hazel tree.”
“What have you heard said was the use of this mandrake?”
“To make money come; but I do not believe it. My Voice never spoke
to me of that.”
“In what likeness did Saint Michael appear to you?”
“I did not see a crown: I know nothing of his dress.”
“Was he naked?”
“Do you think God has not wherewithal to clothe him?”
“Had he hair?”
“Why should it have been cut off? I have not seen Saint Michael since
I left the Castle of Crotoy. I do not see him often. I do not know if he
has hair.”
“Has he a balance?”[46]
“I know nothing about it. It was a great joy to see him; it seemed to
me, when I saw him, that I was not in mortal sin. Saint Catherine
and Saint Margaret were pleased from time to time to receive my
confession, each in turn. If I am in mortal sin, it is without my
knowing it.”
“When you confessed, did you think you were in mortal sin?”
“I do not know if I am in mortal sin, and I do not believe I have done
its works; and, if it please God, I will never so be; nor, please God,
have I ever done or ever will do deeds which charge my soul!”
“What sign did you give your King that you came from God?”
“I have always answered that you will not drag this from my lips. Go
and ask it of him.”
“Have you sworn not to reveal what shall be asked of you touching
the Trial?”
“I have already told you that I will tell you nothing of what concerns
my King. Thereon I will not speak.”
“Do you not know the sign that you gave to the King?”
“You will not know it from me.”
“But this touches on the Trial.”
“Of what I have promised to keep secret, I will tell you nothing. I
have already said, even here, that I could not tell you without
perjury.”
“To whom have you promised this?”
“To Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret; and this hath been shewn to
the King. I promised them, without their asking it of me, of my own
free-will, of myself, because too many people might have questioned
me had I not promised it to my Saints.”
“When you shewed your sign to the King, were you alone with him?”
“I do not take account of any one else, although there were many
people near.”
“When you shewed this sign to the King, did you see a crown on his
head?”
“I cannot tell you without perjury.”
“Had your King a crown at Rheims?”
“I think my King took with joy the crown that he had at Rheims; but
another, much richer, would have been given him later. He acted
thus to hurry on his work, at the request of the people of the town of
Rheims, to avoid too long a charge upon them of the soldiers. If he
had waited, he would have had a crown a thousand times more rich.”
“Have you seen this richer crown?”
“I cannot tell you without incurring perjury; and, though I have not
seen it, I have heard that it is rich and valuable to a degree.”
This done, we put an end to the interrogation and postponed the
remainder to Saturday next, 8 o’clock in the morning, in the same
place, summoning all the Assessors to be present.
Saturday, March 3rd, in the same place, the Bishop and 41
Assessors present.
In their presence, We required the said Jeanne simply and absolutely
to swear to speak the truth on what should be asked of her. She
replied:
“I am ready to swear as I have already done.”
And thus did she swear, her hands on the Holy Gospels.
Afterwards, because she had said, in previous Enquiries, that Saint
Michael had wings, but had said nothing of the body and members of
Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, We asked her what she wished
to say thereon.
“I have told you what I know; I will answer you nothing more. I saw
Saint Michael and these two Saints so well that I know they are
Saints of Paradise.”
“Did you see anything else of them but the face?”
“I have told you what I know; but to tell you all I know, I would
rather that you made me cut my throat. All that I know touching the
Trial I will tell you willingly.”
“Do you think that Saint Michael and Saint Gabriel have human
heads?”
“I saw them with my eyes; and I believe it was they as firmly as I
believe there is a God.”
“Do you think that God made them in the form and fashion that you
saw?”
“Yes.”
“Do you think that God did from the first create them in this form
and fashion?”
“You will have no more at present than what I have answered.”
“Do you know by revelation if you will escape?”
“That does not touch on your Case. Do you wish me to speak against
myself?”
“Have your Voices told you anything?”
“That is not in your Case. I refer me to the Case. If all concerned you,
I would tell you all. By my faith, I know neither the day nor the hour
that I shall escape!”
“Have your Voices told you anything in a general way?”
“Yes, truly, they have told me that I shall be delivered, but I know
neither the day nor the hour. They said to me: ‘Be of good courage
and keep a cheerful countenance.’”
“When you first came to the King, did he ask you if you had any
revelation about your change of dress?”
“I have answered you about that. I do not remember if I was asked. It
is written at Poitiers.”
“Do you not remember if the Masters who questioned you in the
other Consistory, some during a month, others during three weeks,
questioned you about your change of dress?”
“I do not remember. But they asked me where I had assumed this
man’s dress; and I told them it was at Vaucouleurs.”
“Did the aforesaid Masters ask you if it were by order of your Voice
that you took this dress?”
“I do not remember.”
“Did not your Queen[47] ask you, the first time you went to visit her?”
“I do not remember.”
“Did not your King, your Queen, or some of your party, tell you to
take off this man’s dress?”
“That is not in your Case.”
“Were you not so told at the Castle of Beaurevoir?”[48]

[Here commences the French Version, or Minute, which is collated


with the Latin Text.]
“Yes, truly; and I answered that I would not take it off without leave
from God. The Demoiselle de Luxembourg[49] and the Lady de
Beaurevoir[50] offered me a woman’s dress, or cloth to make one,
telling me to wear it. I answered them that I had not leave from Our
Lord, and that it was not yet time.”
“Did Messire Jean de Pressy[51] and others at Arras never offer you a
woman’s dress?”
“He and many others have oftentimes offered it to me.”
“Do you think that you would have done wrong or committed mortal
sin by taking a woman’s dress?”
“I did better to obey and serve my Sovereign Lord, who is God. Had I
dared to do it, I would sooner have done it at the request of these
ladies than of any other ladies in France, excepting my Queen.”
“When God revealed it to you that you should change your dress, was
it by the voice of Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, or Saint Margaret?”
“You shall not have anything more at present.”
“When your King first set you to work, and when you had your
banner made, did not the men-at-arms and others have their
pennons made in the style of yours?”
“It is well to know that the Lords retained their own arms. Some of
my companions-in-arms had them made at their pleasure; others
not.”
“Of what material did they have them made? Of linen or of cloth?”
“It was of white satin; and on some there were fleur-de-lys. In my
company I had only two or three lances. But my companions-in-arms
now and then had them made like mine. They only did this to know
their men from others.”
“Did they often renew these pennons?”
“I do not know. When the lances were broken, they had new ones
made.”
“Have you sometimes said that the pennons which were like yours
would be fortunate?”
“I sometimes said to my followers: ‘Go in boldly among the English!’
and I myself did likewise.”
“Did you tell them to carry themselves boldly, and they would be
fortunate?”
“I have certainly told them what has happened and what will yet
happen.”
“Did you put, or did you ever cause to be put, Holy Water on the
pennons when they were carried for the first time?”
“I know nothing of it; and if that were done, it was not by my order.”
“Did you never see any sprinkled?”
“That is not in your Case. If I ever did see any sprinkled, I am advised
not to answer about it.”
“Did your companions-in-arms never put on their pennons ‘Jhesus
Maria’?”
“By my faith! I do not know.”
“Have you not yourself carried cloth, or caused it to be carried, in
procession round an altar or a church, and afterwards employed this
cloth for pennons?”
“No; and I never saw it done.”
“When you were before Jargeau, what did you bear at the back of
your helmet? Was it not something round?”[52]
“By my faith! there was nothing.”
“Did you ever know Brother Richard?”[53]
“I had not seen him when I came before Troyes.”
“What countenance did Brother Richard give you?”
“I suppose after the fashion of the town of Troyes who sent him to
me, saying that they feared Jeanne was not a thing that came to them
from God. When he approached me, Brother Richard made the sign
of the Cross and sprinkled Holy Water; and I said to him: ‘Approach
boldly, I shall not fly away!’”
“Have you never seen, nor had made, any images or picture of
yourself and in your likeness?”
“I saw at Arras a painting[54] in the hands of a Scot: it was like me. I
was represented fully armed, presenting a letter to my King, one
knee on the ground. I have never seen, nor had made, any other
image or painting in my likeness.”
“In the house of your host at Orleans, was there not a picture in
which was painted three women, with these words: ‘Justice, Peace,
Union’?”
“I know nothing about it.”
“Do you not know that the people of your party had services, masses,
and prayers offered for you?”
“I know nothing of it; if they had any service, it was not by my order;
but if they prayed for me, my opinion is they did not do ill.”
“Did those of your party firmly believe that you were sent from God?”
“I do not know if they believed it, and in this I refer to their own
feeling in this matter. But even though they do not believe, yet am I
sent from God.”
“Do you not think they have a good belief, if they believe this?”
“If they think that I am sent from God, they will not be deceived.”
“In what spirit did the people of your party kiss your hands and your
garments?”
“Many came to see me willingly, but they kissed my hands as little as
I could help. The poor folk came to me readily, because I never did
them any unkindness: on the contrary, I loved to help them.”
“What honour did the people of Troyes do you on your entry?”
“None at all. Brother Richard, so far as I remember, entered at the
same time as I and our people; I do not recall seeing him at the
entry.”
“Did he not preach a sermon on your arrival in the town?”
“I did not stop there at all, and did not even sleep there: I know
nothing of his sermon.”
“Were you many days at Rheims?”
“We were there, I believe, five or six days.”
“Did you not act there as Godmother?” [“lever d’enfant.”]
“At Troyes I did, to one child. At Rheims, I do not remember it, nor
at Château-Thierry. I was Godmother twice at Saint-Denis, in
France. Usually, I gave to the boys the name of Charles, in honour of
my King; and to the girls, Jeanne. At other times, I gave such names
as pleased the mothers.”
“Did not the good women of the town touch with their rings that
which you wore on your finger?”
“Many women touched my hands and my rings; but I know nothing
of their feelings nor their intention.”
“Who of your people, before Château-Thierry, caught butterflies in
your standard?”

RHEIMS CATHEDRAL.
CHURCH OF SAINT
REMY.

“My people never did such a thing: it is your side who have invented
it.”
“What did you do at Rheims with the gloves with which your King
was consecrated?”
“There were favours of gloves for the knights and nobles at Rheims.
There was one who lost his gloves; I did not say he would find them
again. My standard has been in the Church of Rheims; and it seems
to me it was near the altar.[55] I myself bore it for a space there. I do
not know if Brother Richard held it.”
“When you were going through the country, did you often receive the
Sacraments of Penance and the Eucharist in the good towns?”
“Yes, from time to time.”
“Did you receive the said Sacraments in man’s dress?”
“Yes; but I do not remember ever to have received them armed.”
“Why did you take the horse of the Bishop of Senlis?”
“It was bought for 200 saluts.[56] If he received these 200 saluts, I do
not know. There was a place fixed at which they were to be paid. I
wrote to him that he might have his horse back if he wished; as for
me, I did not wish it, because it was worth nothing for weight-
carrying.”
“How old was the child you visited at Lagny?”
“The child was three days old. It was brought before the image of Our
Lady. They told me that the young girls of the village were before this
image, and that I might wish to go also and pray God and Our Lady
to give life to this infant. I went and prayed with them. At last, life
returned to the child, who yawned three times, and was then
baptized; soon after, it died, and was buried in consecrated ground.
It was three days, they said, since life had departed from the child; it
was as black as my coat; when it yawned, the colour began to return
to it. I was with the other young girls, praying and kneeling before
Our Lady.”
“Did they not say in the village that it was done through you, and at
your prayer?”
“I did not enquire about it.”
“Have you ever seen or known Catherine de La Rochelle?”
“Yes, at Jargeau and at Montfaucon in Berry.”
“Did not Catherine shew you a lady, robed in white, who, she said,
sometimes appeared to her?”
“No.”
“What did this Catherine say to you?”
“That a white lady came to her, dressed in cloth-of-gold, who told her
to go through the good cities with heralds and trumpets which the
King would give to her, and proclaim that any one who had gold,
silver, or any concealed treasure should bring it immediately: that
those who did not do so, and who had anything hidden, she would
know, and would be able to discover the treasure. With these
treasures, she told me, she would pay my men-at-arms. I told
Catherine that she should return to her husband, look after her
home, and bring up her children. And in order to have some
certainty as to her mission, I spoke of it, either to Saint Catherine or
to Saint Margaret, who told me that the mission of this Catherine
was mere folly and nothing else. I wrote to the King as to what he
should do about it; and, when I afterwards went to him, I told him
that this mission of Catherine was only folly and nothing more.
Nevertheless, Brother Richard wished to set her to work; therefore
were they both displeased with me,—Brother Richard and she.”
“Did you never speak with the said Catherine on the project of going
to La Charité-sur-Loire?”
“She did not advise me to go there: it was too cold, and she would not
go. She told me she wished to visit the Duke of Burgundy in order to
make peace. I told her it seemed to me that peace would be found
only at the end of the lance. I asked her if this white lady who
appeared to her came to her every night? and I said that, to see her, I
would sleep one night with her in the same bed. I went to bed; I
watched till midnight; I saw nothing, and then went to sleep. When
morning came, I asked her if the White Lady had come. ‘Yes,
Jeanne,’ she answered me, ‘while you were asleep she came; and I
could not awaken you.’ Then I asked her if she would come again the
following night. ‘Yes,’ she told me. For this reason I slept by day that
I might be able to watch the night following. I went to bed with
Catherine; watched all the night following: but saw nothing, although
I asked her often, ‘Will she never come?’ and she always answered
me, ‘Yes, in a moment.’”
“What did you do in the trenches of La Charité?”[57]
“I made an assault there; but I neither threw, nor caused to be
thrown, Holy Water by way of aspersion.”
“Why did you not enter La Charité, if you had command from God to
do so?”
“Who told you I had God’s command for it?”
“Did you not have counsel of your Voice?”
“I wished to go into France. The men-at-arms told me it was better to
go first to La Charité.”
“Were you a long time in the Tower at Beaurevoir?”
“About four months. When I knew that the English were come to
take me, I was very angry; nevertheless, my Voices forbade me many
times to leap. In the end, for fear of the English, I leaped, and
commended myself to God and Our Lady. I was wounded. When I
had leaped, the Voice of Saint Catherine said to me I was to be of
good cheer,[58] for those at Compiègne would have succour. I prayed
always for those at Compiègne, with my Counsel.”
“What did you say when you had leaped?”
“Some said I was dead. As soon as the Burgundians saw I was alive,
they reproached me with having leapt.”
“Did you not say then, that you would rather die than be in the hands
of the English?”
“I said I would rather give up my soul to God than be in the hands of
the English.”
“Were you not then very angry, to the extent of blaspheming the
Name of God?”
“Never have I cursed any of the Saints; and it is not my habit to
swear.”
“On the subject of Soissons[59] and the Captain who surrendered the
town, did you not blaspheme God, and say, if you got hold of this
Captain you would have him cut in quarters?”
“I have never blasphemed any of the Saints; those who say so have
misunderstood.”
This done, Jeanne was conducted back to the place which had been
assigned as her prison.

Nine Private Examinations.

The Bishop decrees that the Enquiries, if any are thought necessary,
shall henceforth be made in private.
Afterwards, We, the Bishop, did say that, in pursuing this Process
and without in any way discontinuing it, We would call before Us
some Doctors and Masters, experts in law, religious and civil, in
order, by them, to gather up and collect what shall seem to them of a
nature to be gathered up and collected, in Jeanne’s Declarations, as
these have already been established by her own answers set down in
writing. Their labour ended, if there should remain any points, on
the which it would seem Jeanne should submit to more full enquiry,
We will make, for this supplementary examination, choice of certain
Doctors; and in this manner We shall not fatigue all and each of the
Masters, who, at this moment, assist Us in such great numbers.
These new enquiries shall also be put into writing, in order that the
above-named Doctors and other approved men of science may
deliberate and furnish their opinion and advice at the right moment.
In the meantime, We invite all the Assessors to study at home the
Process, and what they have already gathered from it; to search out
the consequences of which the affair is susceptible; and to submit the
result of their deliberations either to Us, or to the Doctors who shall
be appointed by Us—if they do not prefer rather to reserve
themselves for the time and place when they shall have deliberated
in full maturity; and to give their opinion on full knowledge of the
Process.
In the meantime, We expressly forbid all and each to leave Rouen
without Our permission before the full completion of the Process.

Meeting at the Bishop’s House of several Doctors.

Sunday, March 4th, and the Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,


Thursday, and Friday, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th of the same month,
We, the Bishop, assembled in Our dwelling, many grave Doctors-and
Masters-in-law, sacred and civil, who were charged by Us to collect
all that has been confessed or answered by Jeanne in these
Enquiries, and to extract therefrom the points on which she
answered in an incomplete manner, and which seem to these
Doctors susceptible of further examination. This double work having
been effected by them, We, the said Bishop, by the advice of the said
Doctors, decide that there is occasion to proceed to further enquiries.
But because Our numerous occupations do not permit Us to attend
ourselves,[60] we appoint, to proceed therein, the venerable and
discreet person, Jean Delafontaine, Master of Arts and Licentiate in
Canon Law, who will interrogate the said Jeanne in Our name. We
have for this appointed the 9th March, in presence of the Doctors
and Masters, Jean Beaupère, Jacques de Touraine, Nicolas Midi,
Pierre Maurice, Thomas de Courcelles, Nicolas Loyseleur, and
Guillaume Manchon.
Saturday, March 10th, We, the Bishop, repaired to the part of the
Castle of Rouen given to Jeanne as a prison, where, being assisted by
Maître Jean Delafontaine, the Commissary appointed by Us, and by
the venerable Doctors and Masters in Theology, Nicolas Midi, and
Gerard Feuillet (witnesses, Jean Fécard, Advocate; and Maître Jean
Massieu, Priest), We summoned Jeanne to make and take oath to
speak the truth on what should be asked of her. She replied:
“I promise to speak truth on what touches your Case; but the more
you constrain me to swear, the later will I tell you.”
Afterwards, the examination of Jeanne by Maître Jean Delafontaine
took place as follows:
“On the faith of the oath you have just taken, from whence had you
started when you went the last time to Compiègne?”
“From Crespy, in Valois.”
“When you were at Compiègne, were you several days before you
made your sally or attack?”
“I arrived there secretly early in the morning,[61] and entered the
town without the enemy knowing anything of it; and that same day,
in the evening, I made the sally in which I was taken.”
“When you made your sally, did they ring the bells?”
“If they did ring them it was not by my order or knowledge; I do not
think it was so, and I do not remember to have said they rang.”
“Did you make this sally by command of your Voice?”
“During the Easter week of last year, being in the trenches of Melun,
it was told me by my Voices—that is to say, by Saint Catherine and
Saint Margaret—‘Thou wilt be taken before Saint John’s Day; and so
it must be: do not torment thyself about it: be resigned; God will help
thee.’”
“Before this occasion at Melun, had not your Voices ever told you
that you would be taken?”
“Yes, many times and nearly every day. And I asked of my Voices
that, when I should be taken, I might die soon, without long suffering
in prison; and they said to me: ‘Be resigned to all—thus it must be.’
But they did not tell me the time; and if I had known it, I should not
have gone. Often I asked to know the hour: they never told me.”
“Did your Voices command you to make this sally from Compiègne,
and signify that you would be taken if you went?”
“If I had known the hour when I should be taken, I should never have
gone of mine own free-will; I should always have obeyed their
commands in the end, whatever might happen to me.”
“When you made this sally from Compiègne had you any Voice or
revelation about making it?”
“That day I did not know at all that I should be taken, and I had no
other command to go forth; but they had always told me it was
necessary for me to be taken prisoner.”
“When you made this sally, did you pass by the Bridge of
Compiègne?”
“I passed by the bridge and the boulevard, and went with the
company of followers of my side against the followers of my Lord of
Luxembourg. I drove them back twice against the camp of the
Burgundians, and the third time, to the middle of the highway. The
English who were there then cut off the road from me and my people,
between us and the boulevard. For this reason, my followers
retreated, and, in retreating towards the fields, on the Picardy side,
near the boulevard, I was taken. Between Compiègne and the place
where I was taken there is nothing but the stream and the boulevard
with its ditch.”
“Did you not have on the banner you carried a representation of the
world, painted with two angels, etc.?”
“Yes; and I had no other.”
“What did this signify, to paint God holding the world, and these
angels?”
THE BATTLE OF HERRINGS.

From a French Manuscript of the XVth


Century.

THE MAID TAKEN PRISONER.

“Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret told me that I was to take my


banner and to carry it boldly, and to have painted on it the King of
Heaven. I told my King, much against my will: that is all I can tell of
the signification of this painting.”
“Have you not a shield and arms?”
“I never had one; but my King has granted arms to my brothers,—
that is to say, a shield azure, two fleurs-de-lys of gold, and a sword
betwixt. These arms I described in this town to a painter, because he
asked what arms I bore. The King gave them to my brothers, [to
please[62] them,] without request from me and without revelation.”
“Had you, when you were taken, a horse, charger, or hackney?”
“I was on horseback; the one which I was riding when I was taken
was a demi-charger.”
“Who had given you this horse?”
“My King, or his people, from the King’s money. I had five chargers
from the King’s money, without counting my hacks, of which I had
more than seven.”
“Had you any other riches from your King besides these horses?”
“I asked nothing from my King, except good arms, good horses, and
money to pay my household.”
“Had you no treasure?”
“The ten or twelve thousand I was worth is not much treasure to
carry on war, very little indeed; and such goods are my brothers’, in
my opinion; what I have is my King’s own money.”
“What was the sign[63] that came to your King when you went to
him?”
“It was beautiful, honourable, and most credible; the best and richest
in the world.”
“Then why will you not tell it and shew it, since you wished to have
the sign[64] of Catherine de la Rochelle?”
“I might not have asked to know the sign of the said Catherine, had
that sign been as well shewn before notable people of the Church and
others, Archbishops and Bishops, as mine was before the Archbishop
of Rheims and other Bishops whose names I know not. There were
there also Charles de Bourbon, the Sire de la Tremouille, the Duke
d’Alençon,[65] and many other knights, who saw and heard it as well
as I see those who speak to me to-day; and, besides, I knew already,
through Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, that the doings of this
Catherine were as nothing.”
“Does this sign still last?”
“It is well to know it; it will last a thousand years and more. My sign
is with the King’s treasure.”
“Is it gold, silver, precious stones, or a crown?”
“I will tell you nothing more about it. No man in the world could
devise so rich a thing as this sign; but the sign that you need is that
God may deliver me from your hands; that is the most sure sign He
could send you. When I was about to start to see my King, my Voices
told me: ‘Go boldly; when thou art before the King, he shall have a
sure sign to receive thee and believe in thee.’”
“When the sign came to your King, what reverence did you make to
it? Did it come from God?”
“I thanked Our Lord for having delivered me from the trouble that I
had with the clergy of my party, who were arguing against me; and I
knelt down several times. An Angel from God, and from none other,
sent the sign to my King; and for this I have many times thanked Our
Lord. The priests of that party ceased to attack me when they had
recognized the sign.”
“The Clergy of that party then saw the sign?”
“When my King and those who were with him had seen the sign and
also the Angel[66] that brought it, I asked my King if he were satisfied.
He answered, Yes. Then I left, and went to a little chapel close by. I
have since heard that, after I left, more than three hundred persons
saw the said sign. For love of me and that I should not be questioned
about it, God permitted certain men of my party to see the sign in
reality.”
“Your King and you, did you do reverence to the Angel who brought
the sign?”
“Yes; I made a salutation, knelt down, and took off my cap.”
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