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( ‘’) with type(s) subtype/issue OR subtype/book OR subtype/report OR subtype/workingpaper published between 08-09-2024 and 08-10-2024

Alors qu’ils doivent gérer de multiples priorités, notamment la nécessité impérieuse d’accélérer la transition écologique à l’échelle mondiale, les fournisseurs de coopération pour le développement risquent de perdre de vue une crise silencieuse, mais dévastatrice, à l'œuvre même avant la pandémie de COVID-19 : l’augmentation alarmante de la pauvreté et des inégalités dans les pays à faible revenu et à revenu intermédiaire. Or, non seulement l’élimination de la pauvreté et la réduction des inégalités sont au cœur de la mission des donateurs, mais elles sont également essentielles à la réalisation de leurs ambitions plus larges en matière de développement durable dans le monde. Quelles possibilités la priorité climatique offre-t-elle – et quels risques pose-t-elle – pour la lutte contre la pauvreté et les inégalités ? Des transitions écologiques justes peuvent-elles redynamiser les programmes d’action en faveur du développement ? Quelles contributions les politiques de coopération internationale pour le développement et les financements qui les accompagnent peuvent-ils apporter ? Rassemblant les derniers éléments factuels, données et éclairages des pouvoirs publics, du monde universitaire, des organisations internationales et de la société civile, le rapport Coopération pour le développement 2024 de l’OCDE propose aux décideurs des moyens concrets de tenir leurs engagements visant à améliorer la vie de milliards de personnes tout en favorisant des transitions écologiques justes dans le monde.

English

This review takes stock of the large body of evidence on aggregate productivity growth, its structural drivers, and the role of a wide range of policies. It aims to synthesise evidence on how public policies can promote productivity through their impacts on both the incentives and the capabilities of businesses and workers, taking account of different specificities of firms at the frontier and below, and integrating complementarities across policy areas. It also identifies gaps in knowledge, thus offering potential directions for future work.

This financial literacy Strategy focuses on retail investors who purchased investment products for the first time since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, when significant numbers of new retail investors entered the market. Based on evidence summarised in the analytical report New retail investors in France: Attitudes, Knowledge and Behaviours, this Strategy identifies a set of priority policies to improve financial literacy of new retail investors and presents an action plan to implement the Strategy for the next three years.

This document sets out an agenda for policy reforms to make housing sectors more economically efficient, socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable. The Agenda brings together the evidence-based conclusions identified by the OECD through a comprehensive review of the functioning of the housing market and sector conducted in recent years and documented in two Reports in 2021 and 2023. Based on these findings, the Agenda provides a concise set of good policy principles and practices that decision-makers can use and adapt according to country circumstances and preferences to conduct policy reforms for better housing.

This paper explores tax arbitrage incentives and behaviours in OECD countries, and their implications for tax systems more broadly. It focuses on how OECD tax systems might encourage business owners, in particular owners of unincorporated businesses and owner-managers of closely held incorporated businesses, to minimise their tax burdens through tax arbitrage. The paper finds that tax incentives to incorporate and earn capital income through corporations have increased in the last two decades. It shows that there has been an increase in incorporated businesses in many OECD countries, which has been partly driven by tax factors. The paper also finds that, in many countries, a combination of tax system features – related to corporate, dividend, capital gains, gift and inheritance taxation – provide particularly strong incentives to retain earnings inside corporations.

How can we rapidly transform the global building sector to combat climate change? This report, based on the OECD Global Survey on Buildings and Climate, presents a comprehensive analysis of the endeavours undertaken by 28 countries across continents to decarbonise and bolster the resilience of their buildings. By examining policy objectives, measures, and trends, the report offers valuable insights into how countries are developing effective strategies for decarbonising buildings. These strategies often involve a step-by-step approach, for example, beginning with targeted measures in buildings that are more feasible or have a greater impact. Successful measures are then scaled up to achieve broader decarbonisation goals. Furthermore, the report emphasises the importance of a multi-level approach, including breaking down silos between government departments. With 93% of responding countries reporting that at least three ministries are involved in decarbonising building measures. The report also underscores the importance of international cooperation and knowledge sharing to fast-forward progress towards a more sustainable built environment.

This note considers the combined effect of ex ante and ex post instruments, to provide a picture of how G7 jurisdictions are addressing large platforms’ use (and misuse) of market power. It focuses on key competition concerns at the heart of multi-jurisdictional efforts in digital markets, and on the patterns that can be identified in terms of both platforms’ conduct and enforcement activities in G7 countries. With this aim, the note analyses a number of recent antitrust cases, to understand what conducts have been deemed most problematic by competition authorities thus far, and what remedies were implemented to address the concerns. These patterns are then observed in light of the provisions contained in recent ex ante reforms, in order to appraise the complementarities and overlaps between the two types of instruments. Further, the note gathers preliminary evidence around large platforms’ compliance strategies and whether extra-territorial effects are arising, to shed some light on the global implications of national enforcement activity in digital markets.

  • 03 Oct 2024
  • OECD, Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development
  • Pages: 49

Dans le secteur minier, les recettes publiques dépendent de la précision du prix et de la mesure des produits minéraux. Cela peut s'avérer particulièrement complexe pour les minéraux semi-transformés tels que le lithium, qui est principalement utilisé pour la production de batteries. L’annexe présentée dans ce rapport propose un cadre pour la détermination des prix des minéraux - ainsi qu’indiqué dans le document conjoint de l’OCDE et de l’IGF, Cadre de détermination des prix de transfert appliqué aux prix des minéraux - qui vise à répertorier les principaux facteurs économiques pouvant influer sur la fixation des prix du lithium en appliquant la méthode du prix comparable sur le marché libre (CUP) et à veiller à ce que les pays en développement soient en mesure d’imposer les exportations de lithium de manière adéquate.

English, Spanish
  • 03 Oct 2024
  • OECD, Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development
  • Pages: 48

En el sector minero, los ingresos públicos dependen de que los productos minerales tengan un precio y una medición precisos. Esto puede ser especialmente complejo en el caso de minerales semiprocesados como el litio, que se utiliza principalmente para la producción de baterías. El anexo presentado en este reporte aplica el marco de precios de los minerales -tal como se documenta en la obra conjunta de la OCDE y el IGF Determinación del precio de los minerales: Un marco en materia de precios de transferencia para identificar los principales factores económicos que influyen en el precio del litio a la hora de aplicar el método del Precio Comparable No Controlado para garantizar que los países en desarrollo puedan gravar adecuadamente las exportaciones de litio.

English, French

The resilience of farms in a world of increasing climate uncertainties is a growing policy concern on a global scale. Resilience means finding a balance between ensuring adequate preparation to confront shocks, the ability to absorb its immediate impact, and, as part of the recovery phase, adapting and transforming farm practices to a new environment. A dynamic framework developed by OECD to measure these resilience capacities is applied to three case studies: crop farms affected by drought in Australia, and livestock farms impacted by disease outbreaks in France and Estonia. It was found that most farms performed well in only two of the four resilience capacities. Productivity, investment, and technical change are found to be key drivers of most resilience capacities in Australia, while in Estonia marketing contracts facilitated the successful adaptation and transformation of pig farms during the recovery phase. Future research should focus on finding how to better balance the four resilience capacities, prioritising the analysis of policy drivers.

  • 03 Oct 2024
  • OECD
  • Pages: 36

Las autoridades de defensa de la competencia han desarrollado varias herramientas para detectar cárteles y motivar la apertura de investigaciones. Las investigaciones ex officio, esto es, iniciadas por las propias autoridades de competencia, se derivan de la aplicación de herramientas de detección que exigen un mayor grado de proactividad de las autoridades de competencia, tales como la supervisión de la industria y el cribado o screening de cárteles. Las nuevas tecnologías, como la inteligencia artificial, también proporcionan a las autoridades de competencia mayores oportunidades de mejorar sus esfuerzos de detección. Este documento presenta las herramientas de detección que permiten iniciar investigaciones de cárteles ex officio y, en particular, las tendencias y experiencias actuales de América Latina y el Caribe. Concluye subrayando la necesidad de que las autoridades de competencia pongan en práctica distintos enfoques que se complementen entre sí y que propicien la detección de cárteles.

English

Este documento analiza la reciente evolución de la competencia en el sector de los servicios financieros en los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), con especial atención al auge de las fintech, la aparición de un marco regulador favorable a la competencia y el papel del open banking. A efectos del presente documento, se entiende por fintech las empresas centradas en la intersección entre la tecnología y los servicios financieros, desde servicios administrativos hasta la tecnología de cadena de bloques. El sector financiero de ALC ha experimentado una profunda transformación en la última década, que incluye la irrupción de agentes nuevos, la aparición de nuevos productos y la reconfiguración de los límites del mercado. Estos avances han dado lugar a ventajas competitivas y a la prestación de servicios financieros mejores, más accesibles, adaptados e inclusivos. Los avances regulatorios han desempeñado un papel fundamental en varias etapas de este proceso: en algunas ocasiones allanando el camino, en otras adoptando y protegiendo nuevas tecnologías y modelos impulsados por la digitalización financiera y, más recientemente, incluso liderando y fomentando innovaciones disruptivas.

English

Las medidas cautelares son herramientas de aplicación de la ley que pueden adoptar las autoridades de competencia mientras investigan posibles infracciones de las leyes de competencia, sobre todo en casos de abuso de posición dominante. En los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), la mayoría de las autoridades de competencia disponen de medidas cautelares en sus marcos jurídicos, y muchas las han utilizado en los últimos años (por ejemplo, Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Perú y República Dominicana). El presente documento ofrece una visión general de la situación de las medidas cautelares en la región que abarca los marcos jurídicos, las experiencias de aplicación recientes, así como los retos y particularidades de los países de ALC. El documento destaca que las medidas cautelares constituyen una herramienta efectiva para las autoridades de competencia y deben utilizarse cuidadosamente para mitigar los errores en su aplicación y los riesgos reputacionales relacionados.

English

This document contains the user guide for the XML schema that supports the automatic exchange of information pursuant to the Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF), as approved by the OECD in 2023. While the XML schema has been primarily designed to facilitate the exchanges of CARF information between tax administrations, the XML schema can also be used for domestic reporting of CARF information by Reporting Crypto-Asset Service Providers, to the extent permitted under domestic law of the relevant jurisdiction.

This document contains the user guide for the XML schema that supports the automatic exchange of information pursuant to the Common Reporting Standard (CRS), as updated by the OECD in 2023. While the XML schema has been primarily designed to facilitate the exchanges of CRS information between tax administrations, the XML schema can also be used for domestic reporting of CRS information by Reporting Financial Institutions, to the extent permitted under domestic law of the relevant jurisdiction.

  • 02 Oct 2024
  • OECD
  • Pages: 132

Plastics provide multiple benefits to society, but their lifecycle − from feedstock extraction and polymer production to use and disposal − contributes to pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss. Current policies are inadequate to meaningfully alter trends in plastic flows and related pollution.

This report provides insights into the potential environmental benefits and economic consequences of different levels of international policy ambition towards ending plastic pollution by 2040. Based on the quantification of the main drivers of plastics production and use, waste and pollution, the report provides projections of the plastics lifecycle, waste generation and treatment, as well as related leakage to the environment. The report presents and contrasts a range of policy scenarios with varying levels of ambition in terms of the stringency, lifecycle scope and geographical coverage of policies implemented. Its findings can inform a critical stage of international negotiations to develop a legally binding agreement to end plastic pollution.

French

The Goodwill Committee is an Egyptian governance body established within the Ministry of Justice to facilitate the amicable resolution of international parental child abduction cases. Its primary mission is to protect individual rights and promote global co-operation. This report evaluates the Committee's mandate and composition to help Egypt promote child-friendly justice and ensure that the best interests of children are embedded in Committee processes. To support comprehensive reform, the OECD assessment and recommendations focus on three areas: improving existing governance, considering multilateral ratification, and developing mechanisms to address systemic barriers and deter the occurrence of cases.

Ce rapport présente des projections jusqu'en 2040 de l'utilisation des plastiques, de la production de déchets et de leurs impacts environnementaux. Il donne un aperçu des avantages environnementaux potentiels et des conséquences économiques de différents niveaux d'ambition politique internationale visant à mettre fin à la pollution plastique. Les scénarios stylisés élaborés dans ce rapport diffèrent par le degré de rigueur des politiques, leur portée sur l'ensemble du cycle de vie et leur couverture géographique. L'analyse s'appuie sur une modélisation détaillée pour montrer que le statu quo n'est pas viable, mais qu'un ensemble de mesures ambitieuses mises en œuvre à l'échelle mondiale et fondées sur une approche de l'ensemble du cycle de vie pourrait pratiquement mettre fin aux rejets de matières plastiques dans l'environnement d'ici à 2040. Cet objectif pourrait être atteint à des coûts globaux modestes, à condition que les obstacles techniques, économiques et de gouvernance puissent être surmontés. Une approche politique ciblant toutes les étapes du cycle de vie des plastiques est plus efficace et plus rentable que les approches axées uniquement sur l'amélioration de la gestion et du recyclage des déchets. Pour mettre fin à la pollution plastique, la mobilisation d'importantes ressources financières et une coopération internationale solide seront nécessaires pour remédier aux différences de coûts et de capacités entre les pays. Les conclusions de ce rapport peuvent informer les décideurs politiques et les négociateurs sur les implications environnementales et économiques des différentes visions d'un traité sur les plastiques, ainsi que sur les aspects liés à sa mise en œuvre.

English

This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing.

The scope of the ESD only applies to chemicals used during hydraulic fracturing activities for oil and gas wells. This ESD does not consider the manufacture and formulation of hydraulic fracturing chemicals, or the use of chemicals in well development prior to petroleum/gas production.

While OECD ESDs traditionally focus on the potential releases of chemicals from industrial processes, this document also assesses the potential occupational exposures to hydraulic fracturing fluid additives. Worker exposure information is included in this document.

နိုင်ငံစုံစီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်းများအတွက် OECD လမ်းညွှန်ချက်များသည် စီးပွားရေး၊ သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်နှင့် လူမှုရေးတိုးတက်မှုအတွက် လုပ်ဆောင်နိုင်သည့် အပြုသဘောဆောင်သော ပံ့ပိုးကူညီမှုများကို အသိအမှတ်ပြုအားပေးကာ လုပ်ငန်းဆောင်ရွက်မှုများသည် အလုပ်သမားများ၊ လူ့အခွင့်အရေး၊ သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်၊ လာဘ်ပေးလာဘ်ယူမှု၊ စားသုံးသူများနှင့် ကော်ပိုရိတ်ဆိုင်ရာ ဆိုးရွားသော အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုများ ဖြစ်ပေါ်နိုင်သည်ကို အသိအမှတ်ပြုပါသည်။ အုပ်ချုပ်မှု။ ဤလမ်းညွှန်ချက်သည် စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်းများကို တာဝန်သိစီးပွားရေးလုပ်ဆောင်မှုအတွက် လုံ့လဝီရိယရှိရှိ နားလည်ပြီး အကောင်အထည်ဖော်ရန် ကူညီပေးသည်။ ၎င်းသည် အစိုးရများနှင့် သက်ဆိုင်သူများကြားတွင် တာဝန်ရှိသော စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ဆောင်မှုဆိုင်ရာ ဘုံနားလည်မှုကို မြှင့်တင်ရန်လည်း ကြိုးပမ်းသည်။

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