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César Milstein
César Milstein
Nascimento
8 de outubro de 1927 Bahía Blanca , Argentina
Morte
24 de março de 2002 (74 anos)Cambridge , Reino Unido
Nacionalidade
argentino , britânico
Alma mater
Universidade de Buenos Aires , Universidade de Cambridge
Prêmios
Prêmio Avery Landsteiner (1979) , Prêmio Wolf de Medicina (1980) , Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan Jr. (1981) , Medalha Franklin (1982) , Medalha Real (1982) , Prêmio Albert Lasker de Pesquisa Médica Básica (1984) , Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina (1984) , Medalha Copley (1989)
Campo(s)
bioquímica
César Milstein (Bahía Blanca , 8 de outubro de 1927 — Cambridge , 24 de março de 2002 ) foi um bioquímico argentino e nacionalizado britânico . Formou-se em medicina na Universidade de Buenos Aires e doutorou-se em bioquímica em Cambridge . É considerado um dos pais da imunologia moderna.[ 1]
Foi agraciado com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina de 1984, junto com Georges J. F. Köhler por suas pesquisas sobre anticorpos monoclonais . Desenvolveram uma forma de criar novos anticorpos a partir de linfócitos B híbridos, o hibridoma , usado para profilaxia , diagnóstico e terapia de diversas doenças. Invenção especialmente útil diferenciando tumores .[ 2]
Referências
↑ Springer, Timothy A (June 2002). "César Milstein, the father of modern immunology". Nature Immunology 3 (6): 501–3. doi:10.1038/ni0602-501. PMID 12032559 .
↑ Milstein, C (1999). "The hybridoma revolution: an offshoot of basic research.". BioEssays 21 (11): 966–73. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199911)21:11<966::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z.
1978: George Davis Snell , Jean Dausset , Jon van Rood · 1979: Roger Sperry , Arvid Carlsson , Oleh Hornykiewicz · 1980: César Milstein , Leo Sachs , James Learmonth Gowans · 1981: Barbara McClintock , Stanley Norman Cohen · 1982: Jean-Pierre Changeux , Solomon Halbert Snyder , James Black · 1984/5: Donald Frederick Steiner · 1986: Osamu Hayaishi · 1987: Pedro Cuatrecasas , Meir Wilchek · 1988: Henri-Géry Hers , Elizabeth Neufeld · 1989: John Gurdon , Edward Lewis · 1990: Maclyn McCarty · 1991: Seymour Benzer · 1992: Judah Folkman · 1994/5: Michael Berridge , Yasutomi Nishizuka · 1995/6: Stanley Prusiner · 1996/7: Mary Frances Lyon · 1998: Michael Sela , Ruth Arnon · 1999: Eric Kandel · 2001: Avram Hershko , Alexander Varshavsky · 2002/3: Ralph Lawrence Brinster , Mario Capecchi , Oliver Smithies · 2004: Robert Allan Weinberg , Roger Tsien · 2005: Anthony Rex Hunter , Anthony Pawson , Alexander Levitzki · 2008: Howard Cedar , Aharon Razin · 2010: Axel Ullrich · 2011: Shinya Yamanaka , Rudolf Jaenisch · 2012: Ronald Mark Evans · 2014: Nahum Sonenberg , Gary Ruvkun , Victor Ambros · 2015: John Kappler , Philippa Marrack , Jeffrey Ravetch · 2016: Carl Ronald Kahn , Lewis Cantley · 2017: James Patrick Allison · 2019: Jeffrey Michael Friedman · 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier , Jennifer Doudna · 2021: Joan A. Steitz , Lynne Elizabeth Maquat , Adrian Robert Krainer
1915: Thomas Edison , Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1916: John Joseph Carty , Theodore William Richards
1917: Hendrik Lorentz , David Watson Taylor
1918: Guglielmo Marconi , Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
1919: James Dewar , George Owen Squier
1920: Svante Arrhenius , Charles Algernon Parsons
1921: Charles Fabry , Frank Julian Sprague
1922: Ralph Modjeski , Joseph John Thomson
1923: Gustave-Auguste Ferrié , Albert Abraham Michelson
1924: Ernest Rutherford , Edward Weston
1925: Elihu Thomson , Pieter Zeeman
1926: Niels Bohr , Samuel Rea
1927: George Ellery Hale , Max Planck
1928: Charles Francis Brush , Walther Nernst
1929: Emil Berliner , Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1930: William Henry Bragg , John Frank Stevens
1931: James Hopwood Jeans , Willis Rodney Whitney
1932: Philipp Lenard , Ambrose Swasey
1933: Paul Sabatier , Irmãos Wright
1934: Irving Langmuir , Henry Norris Russell
1935: Albert Einstein , John Ambrose Fleming
1936: Frank Baldwin Jewett , Charles Kettering
1937: Peter Debye , Robert Andrews Millikan
1938: William Frederick Durand , Charles August Kraus
1939: Edwin Powell Hubble , Albert Sauveur
1940: Leo Baekeland , Arthur Holly Compton
1941: Edwin Armstrong , Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
1942: Jerome Clarke Hunsaker , Paul Dyer Merica
1943: George Washington Pierce , Harold Clayton Urey
1944: William David Coolidge , Pyotr Kapitsa
1945: Harlow Shapley
1946: Henry Clapp Sherman , Henry Tizard
1947: Enrico Fermi , Robert Robinson
1948: Wendell Meredith Stanley , Theodore von Kármán
1949: Theodor Svedberg
1950: Eugene Paul Wigner
1951: James Chadwick
1952: Wolfgang Pauli
1953: William Francis Gibbs
1954: Charles Edward Kenneth Mees
1955: Arne Tiselius
1956: Frank Whittle
1957: Hugh Stott Taylor
1958: Donald Wills Douglas
1959: Hans Bethe
1960: Roger Adams
1961: Detlev Bronk
1962: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
1963: Glenn Theodore Seaborg
1964: Gregory Breit
1965: Frederick Seitz
1966: Britton Chance
1967: Murray Gell-Mann
1968: Marshall Nirenberg
1969: John Archibald Wheeler
1970: Wolfgang Panofsky
1971: Hannes Alfvén
1972: George Kistiakowsky
1973: Theodosius Dobzhansky
1974: Nikolai Bogoliubov
1975: John Bardeen
1976: Mahlon Hoagland
1977: Cyril Manton Harris
1978: Elias James Corey
1979: George Evelyn Hutchinson
1980: Avram Goldstein , Lyman Spitzer
1981: Stephen Hawking
1982: César Milstein , Kenneth Wilson
1984: Verner Suomi
1985: George Claude Pimentel
1986: Benoît Mandelbrot
1987: Stanley Cohen
1988: Donald Knuth
1990: Hugh Huxley , David Turnbull
1992: Frederick Reines
1995: Gerardus 't Hooft
1996: Richard Smalley
1997: Mario Capecchi
1951: Howard Florey e Ian Heilbron • 1952: Frederic Bartlett e Christopher Kelk Ingold • 1953: Paul Fildes e Nevill Francis Mott • 1954: Hans Krebs e John Cockcroft • 1955: Vincent Wigglesworth e Alexander Todd • 1956: Owen Thomas Jones e Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin • 1957: Frederick Gugenheim Gregory e William Vallance Douglas Hodge • 1958: Alan Hodgkin e Harrie Massey • 1959: Peter Brian Medawar e Rudolf Peierls • 1960: Roy Cameron e Bernard Lovell • 1961: Wilfrid Le Gros Clark e Cecil Frank Powell • 1962: John Eccles e Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1963: Herbert Harold Read e Robert Hill • 1964: Francis Brambell e Michael James Lighthill • 1965: Henry Charles Husband , John Kendrew e Raymond Lyttleton • 1966: Christopher Cockerell , Frank Yates e John Ashworth Ratcliffe • 1967: Joseph Hutchinson , John Zachary Young e Cecil Edgar Tilley • 1968: Gilbert Roberts , Walter Thomas James Morgan e Michael Atiyah • 1969: Charles William Oatley , Frederick Sanger e George Deacon • 1970: John Fleetwood Baker , William Albert Hugh Rushton e Kingsley Charles Dunham • 1971: Percy Edward Kent , Max Perutz e Gerhard Herzberg • 1972: Wilfrid Bennett Lewis , Francis Crick e Derek Barton • 1973: Edward Abraham , Rodney Porter e Martin Ryle • 1974: Sydney Brenner , George Edwards e Fred Hoyle • 1975: Barnes Wallis , David Chilton Phillips e Edward Bullard • 1976: Alan Walsh , James Learmonth Gowans e John Cornforth • 1977: John Adams , Hugh Huxley e Peter Hirsch • 1978: Tom Kilburn , Roderic Alfred Gregory e Abdus Salam • 1979: Vernon Ellis Cosslett , Hans Walter Kosterlitz e Frederick Charles Frank • 1980: John Paul Wild , Henry Harris e Denys Wilkinson • 1981: Ralph Riley , Marthe Louise Vogt e Geoffrey Wilkinson • 1982: César Milstein , William Hawthorne e Richard Dalitz • 1983: Daniel Joseph Bradley , Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg e John Kingman • 1984: Alexander Lamb Cullen , Mary Frances Lyon e Alan Battersby • 1985: John Argyris , John Gurdon e Roger Penrose • 1986: Eric Ash , Richard Doll e Rex Richards • 1987: Gustav Victor Rudolf Born , Eric James Denton e Francis Graham-Smith • 1988: Harold Barlow , Winifred Watkins e George Batchelor • 1989: John Vane , David Weatherall e John Charles Polanyi • 1990: Olgierd Zienkiewicz , Anne McLaren e Michael Berry • 1991: Basil John Mason , Michael Berridge e Dan Peter McKenzie • 1992: David Tabor , Michael Anthony Epstein e Simon Donaldson • 1993: Rodney Hill , Horace Barlow e Volker Heine • 1994: Salvador Moncada , Eric Mansfield e Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar • 1995: Donald Metcalf , Paul Nurse e Robert Williams • 1996: Robert Hinde , Jack Heslop-Harrison e Andrew Wiles • 1997: Geoffrey Eglinton , John Maynard Smith e Donald Hill Perkins • 1998: Edwin Southern , Ricardo Miledi e Donald Charlton Bradley • 1999: John Frank Davidson , Patrick David Wall e Archibald Howie • 2000: Tim Berners-Lee , Geoffrey Burnstock e Keith Usherwood Ingold
1976: Baruch Blumberg e Daniel Gajdusek •
1977: Roger Guillemin , Andrzej Schally e Rosalyn Yalow •
1978: Werner Arber , Daniel Nathans e Hamilton Smith •
1979: Allan Cormack e Godfrey Hounsfield •
1980: Baruj Benacerraf , Jean Dausset e George Snell •
1981: Roger Sperry , David Hubel e Torsten Wiesel •
1982: Sune Bergström , Bengt Samuelsson e John Vane •
1983: Barbara McClintock •
1984: Niels Jerne , Georges Köhler e César Milstein •
1985: Michael Stuart Brown e Joseph Goldstein •
1986: Stanley Cohen e Rita Levi-Montalcini •
1987: Susumu Tonegawa •
1988: James Black , Gertrude Elion e George Hitchings •
1989: John Michael Bishop e Harold Varmus •
1990: Joseph Murray e Edward Donnall Thomas •
1991: Erwin Neher e Bert Sakmann •
1992: Edmond Fischer e Edwin Krebs •
1993: Richard Roberts e Phillip Sharp •
1994: Alfred Gilman e Martin Rodbell •
1995: Edward Lewis , Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard e Eric Wieschaus •
1996: Peter Doherty e Rolf Zinkernagel •
1997: Stanley Prusiner •
1998: Robert Furchgott , Louis Ignarro e Ferid Murad •
1999: Günter Blobel •
2000: Arvid Carlsson , Paul Greengard e Eric Kandel