ARTIGO DE REVISO

Protruso acetabular (Otopelve)

Protrusio acetabuli (Otopelve)

ALCEU GOMES CHUEIRE1, WILSON ABOU REJAILI2, ANTONIO FERNANDO DOS SANTOS3

RESUMO
A protruso acetabular caracterizada por deformidade da parede medial do acetbulo com migrao progressiva da cabea femoral para o interior da pelve, causando distrbios mecnicos, dor e importante limitao funcional da articulao do quadril. Descrita inicialmente por Otto em 1824, como uma deformidade da pelve, caracterizada pela maior profundidade da cavidade cotilide, devido a seu afundamento. Considerada multifatorial, acredita-se haver uma tendncia familiar. Quanto etiologia classificada em primria (75,3%) ou secundria (24,7%) e, de acordo com parmetros radiolgicos em leve, moderada e grave. O objetivo desta reviso apresentar as tcnicas de tratamento com artroplastias que so mltiplas e pouco exploradas. Em nossos pacientes, como a maioria dos autores da literatura, a protruso da parede medial do acetbulo foi tratada com enxerto sseo, superando e evitando a migrao do componente acetabular cimentado e no havendo a necessidade de uso das conchas de titnio de grande dimetro. Descritores: Protruso Acetabular; artroplastias; quadril; enxerto sseo

SUMMARY
Protrusio acetabuli is a disease characterized by a deformity of the medial wall of the acetabulum with a progressive migration of the femoral head into the pelvic cavity, resulting in some mechanical disorders, pain and limited limb hip movement. It was first described by Otto in 1824 as an intrapelvic protusion of the femoral head. It is considered multifactorial, and it is suggested that there is a heredity background to this disease. It is classified as primary (75,3%) or secundary (24,7%) according to aetiology; mild, moderate and severe radiologically. This review aims to present some treatment techniques using arthroplasties which are several and little explored. As in the literature, the choice was bone graft since there is no migration of the cemented acetabulum and no necessity of a titanium cup of great diameter. Key words: Protrusio acetabuli; arthroplasties; hip; bone graft

INTRODUCTION
Protrusio acetabuli was initially described by Otto in 1824, in cadaver studies as a deformity of the medial wall of the acetabulum with a consequent migration of the femoral head into the pelvis (12). The first case reported in English literature was described by White in 1883. Scherlin in 1910 was the first to perform radiographic diagnosis 12 . Primary or essential protrusion of acetabulum is a pelvian deformity characterized by increased depth of cotiloid cavity with depression (1).

INTRODUO
A protruso acetabular foi descrita inicialmente por Otto em 1824, em estudos feitos em cadveres, como sendo uma deformidade da parede medial do acetbulo com conseqente migrao conjunta da cabea femoral para o interior da pelve(12). O primeiro caso relatado na literatura inglesa foi descrito por White em 1883. Scherlin em 1910 foi o primeiro a fazer o diagnstico radiolgico(12).

Trabalho realizado no Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da FAMERP/ FUNFARME So Jos do Rio Preto SP 1- Professor-Doutor e Chefe do Departamento 2- Mdico Ortopedista e Mestre 3- Professor Endereo para correspondncia: Av. Juscelino K. de Oliveira, 1220 So Jos do Rio Preto - SP - CEP 00000-000 E-mail: [email protected]
Trabalho recebido em 17/05/2002. Aprovado em 26/07/2002

Work performed at Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da FAMERP/ FUNFARME - So Jos do Rio Preto - SP 1- PhD-Professor and Departament Head 2- Doctor Orthopaedics and Master 3- Professor Address: Av. Juscelino K. de Oliveira, 1220 So Jos do Rio Preto - SP - CEP 00000-000 E-mail: [email protected]

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A protruso primria ou essencial do acetbulo uma deformidade da pelve caracterizada pela maior profundidade da cavidade cotilide com seu afundamento (1). O objetivo desta reviso fazer um levantamento da literatura a respeito do tratamento cirrgico da protruso acetabular com as artroplastias, pois este procedimento no explorado especificamente nos dias de hoje; polmico e no existe padronizao para tal conduta.

The aim of this paper is to review the literature in regard of surgical treatment of protrusio acetabuli with arthroplasties, since this procedure is not specifically explored nowadays; it is polemical and there is no standardization for this treatment.

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

It is more frequent in female (10:1), and bilateral; is very common in advanced rheumatoid arthritis patients (1) . In Sotelo-Garza and Charnley (25) studies, the incidence of primary protrusio acetabuli was of 75.3% and as secondary causes, rheumatoid arthritis was evident, with 18.7%. It is believed to have a familial trend as suggested by Donald MacDonald (16), Simmons(24) et al., Hooper (12) et al., Friedenberg(6) who reported changes in acetabular cartilage ossification leading to protrusion.

INCIDNCIA E EPIDEMIOLOGIA
mais freqente no sexo feminino (10:1) e bilateral, muito comum em pacientes com artrite reumatide avanada(1). Nos estudos de SoteloGarza e Charnley(25), a incidncia de protruso acetabular primria foi de 75,3%, e na de causa secundria, destacou-se a artrite reumatide com 18,7%. Acredita-se em uma tendncia familiar da protruso acetabular como sugeriu Donald MacDonald(16), Simmons(24) et al., Hooper(12) et al., Friedenberg(6) relataram alteraes na ossificao da cartilagem acetabular levando protruso.

Figura 1 - Mostra sinal da lgrima. Figure 1 - Demonstrates tear drop sign.

ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION

It is considered as multifactorial and can be classified into two basic types (26).
Figura 2 - Mostra ngulo de Wiberg. Figure 2 - Displays Wibergs angle.

ETIOLOGIA E CLASSIFICAO

considerada multifatorial e pode ser classificada em 2 tipos bsicos(26). Primria: tambm denominada de idioptica, acomete pacientes jovens, embora seja diagnosticada geralmente na vida adulta. A sua etiologia na infncia atribuda alterao na ossificao da cartilagem trirradiada. Pode tambm

Primary: also called idiopathic, affects young patients nevertheless is generally diagnosed at adult age. Its etiology in childhood is attributed to changes in triradiated cartilage ossification. It can also come from osteoconditis, asthenia, congenital deep acetabulum and rheumatic diseases. The expression otopelvis is used only in primary acetabular protrusion. McCollum(18) et al. report that protrusion is progressive and only stops when the great trochan-

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ser decorrente de osteocondrites, astenia, acetbulo fundo congnito e doenas reumticas. O temo otopelvis utilizado apenas nas protruses acetabulares primrias. McCollum (18) et al. relatam que a protruso progressiva e s cessa quando o grande trocanter toca na rima acetabular. Secundria: a protruso devido a uma doena pr-existente, que enfraquece a parede acetabular medial, como: artrite reumatide, espondilite anquilosante, osteoartrite, osteodistrofia renal crnica, raquitismo, osteoporose, doena de Paget, neoplasias, sequelas de cirurgias, traumas e infeces, e at a sndrome de Marfan(5).

ter touches acetabular border. Secondary: the protrusion is due to a pre-existing disease, which weakens medial acetabular wall, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondilitis, osteoarthritis, chronic renal osteodistrophy, rachitism, osteoporosis, Pagets disease, neoplasias, surgery sequelae, traumas and infections, and even Marfans syndrome (5).

DIAGNOSIS
Primary form, or essential protrusion is generally bilateral and there are difficulties in its diagnosis due to symptoms are minimal or absent. Frequently the diagnosis is incidental in radiographs taken for other reasons or for discrete limitation of hip movements. Thus, protrusio acetabuli diagnosis is made by classic radiograph (pelvis in AP). Several methods were proposed to rate protrusio acetabuli, all of them based on radiographic studies. Some of these, the simplest, are adequate for identifying protrusion, but not to grade it as: tear drop signal (changed as in Figure 1), Wibergs angle (increased in Figure 2) and changes in the Shentons arch or line (broken Figure 3). The most accepted and diffused is the one by Ranawat (Figure 4).

Figura 3 - Mostra alterao no arco ou linha de Shenton (interrupo). Figure 3 - Displays alteration in Shentons line (broken).

DIAGNSTICO
A forma primria ou protruso essencial geralmente bilateral e h dificuldades no seu diagnstico, devido aos sintomas serem mnimos ou ausentes. Com freqncia se descobre o diagnstico com a radiografia feita com outras finalidades ou por apresentar uma limitao discreta dos movimentos do quadril. Portanto, o diagnstico de protruso acetabular feito com o exame radiogrfico clssico (pelvis em AP).

Vrios mtodos foram propostos para se fazer a Figura 4 - Mostra o mtodo de Ranawat. graduao da protruso Figure 4 - Displays Ranawat method. acetabular, todos baseados nos estudos radiogrficos. Alguns destes, os mais simOther rating with good parameters is based on the Kohlers ples, servem para detectar a protruso e no gradu-la, tais line (Figure 5). It is an ilial-ischiatic line, measuring the distancomo: sinal da lgrima (estava alterada como na Figura 1), ce from it to the medial wall of the acetabulum; several aungulo de Wiberg (estava aumentado Figura 2) e alteraes thors use it (2,11,14,15,19) . With this method we can assess the no arco ou linha de Shenton (interrupo da mesma Figura 3). variant distance in males (> 3 mm) and females ( 6 mm) (2,11). O mais aceito e difundido o mtodo de Ranawat (Figura 4).

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Outra graduao com bons parmetros a baseada na linha de Kohler (Figura 5). uma linha lioisquitica, mede-se distncia dela a parede medial do acetbulo e vrios autores utilizaram (2,11,14, 15,19) . Com este mtodo podemos ver a variante da distncia no sexo masculino (> que 3 mm) e no feminino ( que 6 mm)(2,11). Tu r b i o e R a m o s ( 2 6 ) sintetizaram uma classificao baseada na distncia da parede medial do acetbulo linha de Kohler (Quadro I). Sotelo-Garza e Charnley(25) propem uma graduao mais elstica feita distncia, medida pelo seu mtodo (Figura 6). Grau I 1 a 5 mm (Protruso leve) Grau II 6 a 15 mm (Protruso moderada) Grau III mais de 15 mm (Protruso grave)

Turibio and Ramos (26) synthesized a rating based on the distance of the medial wall of the acetabulum to Kohlers line (Table 1). Sotelo-Garza and Charnley(25) propose a more elastic rating based on the distance measured by their method (Figure 6). Degree I 1-5 mm (Light Protrusion) Degree II 6-15 mm (Mild Protrusion) Degree III more than 15 mm (Severe Protrusion) They stress that 44.5% were Degree I, 46% were Degree II and only 9.5% were Degree III.

Figura 5 - Mostra a linha de Kohler. Figure 5 - Displays Kohlers line.

TREATMENT DISCUSSION

Even though it is difficult to discuss the subject given there were few reports in the Salientam que 44,5% last years, the treatment of eram Grau I, 46% eram choice of protrusio acetabuli Grau II, e somente 9,5% was surgical, as recommeneram Grau III. Quadro 1 - Classificao do acetbulo. ded in the literature (4,10,13, Table 1 - Classification of acetabulum. 17,23,26) . This procedure is performed when there is important movement limitation together with intense pain, aiming to relieDISCUSSO DO TRATAMENTO ve pain, strengthen the medial wall, restore the rotation center and to Embora um tanto difcil a discusso deste tema, pois so poucos preserve the range of movement. os relatos nos ltimos anos, o tratamento de escolha para a protruTuribio and Ramos(26) report that in early phases corrective valgiso acetabular foi cirrgico, tal como o recomendado na literatuzing osteotomy of the proximal femur would have place for redura(4,10,13,17,23,26). Este procedimento feito quando existe limitao imcing the degree of protrusion. portante dos movimentos acompanhado de dor intensa com o proMost of the authors use a lateral approach, and large tropsito aliviar a dor, reforar a parede medial, restaurar o centro de chanter osteotomy to make easier the view and procedure rotao e preservar a amplitude do movimento articular. (3,20,21,25) . It was used chopped impacted femoral head graft, ceTurbio e Ramos(26) relatam que em fases precoces as osteomenting the acetabular piece, delaying load up to total graft intetomias corretivas valgizantes no fmur proximal estariam indicagration. This was considered effective by the authors when radidas por diminurem o grau de protuso acetabular. ographic aspect of the graft was homogenous and similar to the A maioria dos autores utilizam acesso lateral e osteotomia density of pelvian bone without evidence of radiotransparence do trocanter maior femural que facilitam a visualizao e o prosuggesting non-integration (Figure 7). cedimento cirrgico(3,20,21,25). Utilizou-se o enxerto sseo picaThe most important complication post total hip replacedo da cabea femoral impactado, cimentando o componente ment found by the authors was blind migration of the polyeacetabular, retardando a carga at total consolidao do enthylene acetabular component due to weakness of the medi-

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xerto. Esta foi considerada efetiva pelos autores quando o aspecto radiolgico do enxerto sseo era homogneo e semelhante densidade dos ossos da pelve; sem evidncias de linhas de radiotransparncia que surgirem a no osteointegrao. (Figura7).

A principal complicao encontrada pelos autores ps-artroplastia total do quadril foi a manuteno da migrao cega do componente acetabular de polietileno, devido fraqueza da parede medial e com isto uma medializao do componente acetabular, o que The largest series are altera o centro de rotao in the studies by Ranado quadril, diminuindo aswat (21) and Sotelo-Garza sim a longevidade do comand Charnley (25) . Among ponente acetabular(20). Hasthem there is a consensus Figura 6 - Mtodo de Sotelo-Garza e Charnley. Figure 6 - Sotelo-Garza and Charnley method. tings(9) et al. sugerem semof using femoral head pre o uso de conchas de grafting only in defects lartitnio para ocluir o defeito e, assim, melhorar o referido centro ger than 5 mm, without need of using artificial large diameter de rotao. No entanto h um consenso no uso de enxerto da cups. prpria cabea femural, melhorando o centro de rotao e com In these studies (21,25), the use of bone cement for closing isto, evitando nova migrao do componente acetabular(20,21,25). bony defects resulted in further acetabular component miAs maiores casusticas esto nos estudos de Ranawat(21) e Sotelo-Garza e Charnley(25). Nelas h consenso do uso de enxerto gration, thus being not indicated as a substitute for acetabular defect correction.

al wall, and this a medialization of the acetabular component leading to an alteration in the rotational center of the hip, reducing the life of the acetabular component (20). Hastings (9) et al. suggest always using titanium cups for closing the defect and so, improving the rotational center. However there is a consensus in the use of grafting from the femoral head improving the rotational center and, thus, avoiding further migration of the acetabular component (20,21,25).

Figura 7 - Boa integrao do enxerto sseo no fundo acetabular. Figure 7 - Good graft integration.

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de cabea femural apenas em defeitos maiores que 5 mm, sem necessidade do uso de conchas artificiais de grande dimetro. Nestes estudos (21,25), o uso de cimento sseo para ocluir o defeito sseo resultou em nova migrao do componente acetabular e, portanto no estaria indicado como substituto para a correo do defeito acetabular. Sharp et al.(23) preconizam prteses acetabulares com anis de reforo que a longo prazo no mostraram resultados satisfatrios. Ranawat(21) usou enxerto sseo slido, retirado da prpria cabea do fmur, mas abandonou tal tcnica. Atualmente existe uma corrente que segue os princpios da prtese de Execter(8) que preconiza o reforo do fundo do acetbulo com enxertos picados (no modos) menores que 3mm(22), como era feito inicialmente e com bons resultados.

Sharp et al. (23) recommend acetabular prosthesis with a ring reinforcement that did not prove effective in long term. Ranawat (21) used solid bone graft, removed from the femoral head, but abandoned this technique. There is currently a group following Execters (8) prosthesis principles, who recommends a reinforcement of the bottom of the acetabulum with chopped (not crushed) grafts smaller than 3 mm (22) , as initially done and with good results.

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15. Kuhlman, J. E. Scott Jr., W. W., Fishmann, E. K. et al: Acetabular protrusion in the Marfan Syndrome. Radiology 164: 415-417, 1982. 16. MacDonald, D.: Primary Protrusio Acetabuli Report on an Affected Family. J. Bone Joint Surg 53B: 30-36, 1971. 17. Mayer, G. & Hartseil, K.: Hip replacement in acetabular protrusion. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 461-463, 1985. 18. McCollum, D. E., Nunley, J. A., Harrelson, J. M.: Bone Grafting in Total Hip Replacement for Acetabular Prortusion. J. Bone Joint Surg 62A: 1065-1073, 1980. 19. Ramos, W. M., Mestriner, L. A., Takata, E. T., Molla, C. F. E Laredo F., J.: Anlise da evoluo do enxerto autlogo da cabea femoral, em pacientes com protruso acetabular submetidos artroplastia total do quadril. Rev. Bras. Ortop. 34: 55-58, 1999. 20. Ranawat, C. S., Dorr, L. D., Inglis, A. E.: Total Hip Arthroplasty in Protrusio Acetabuli of Reumathoid Arthritis. J. Bone Joint Surg 62A: 1059-1064, 1980. 21. Ranawat, C. S., Zahn, M. G.: Role of Bone Gratting in Correction of Protrusio Acetabuli By Total Hip Arthroplasty. J. Arthroplasty 1: 131-137, 1986. 22. Schreus, B. W., van Tienen, T. G., Buma, P Verdonschot, N., ., Gardiniers, J. W., Slooff, T. J.: Favorable results of acetabular reconstruction with impacted morsellized bone grafts in patients younger than 50 years: a 10- to 18-year follow-up study of 34 cemented total hip arthroplasties. Acta Orthop Scand 2: 120126, 2001. 23. Sharp, D. J., Porter, K. M. & Duke, R. F. N.: The resolution of protrusio acetabuli treated with Rings hip prothesis. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 66: 635-638, 1984. 24. Simmons, E. H., Gibson, D. A.: Otto Pelvis Associated with Familial Degenerative Arthrosis of the Hip Joint. Can J. Surgery 9, 268-272, 1966. 25. Sotelo-Garza, A., Charnley, J.: The Results of Charnley Arthroplsty of the Hip Performed for Protrusio Acetabuli. Clin Orthop 132: 12-18, 1978. 26. Turibio, F. M., Ramos, W.M.: Protruso Acetabular do Quadril; Turibio, F.M.: Manual de Patologias do Quadril Adulto, So Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, 1993, p.49-51.

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